A history of the spiders of Great Britain and Ireland

THE

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIY.

This Volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Society for the Year 1862

MDCCCLX1V.

A HISTORY

OF THE

SPIDERS

OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

BY

JOHN BLACKBALL, F.L.S.

“Cum autem pleraque, qua: hic habentuk, ad eidem sensus referri possint, in ID MAXIMe INCUJBUI, N E IPSE
PRIMUM DECEPTUS, POSTEROS IN ERROREM DUCEREM. SUMMAM SANE DILIGKENTIAM ADHIBUI, UT VERAS SPECIES DISTINGUENDO,
NON MULTIPLICANDO CITRA NECESSITATEM, SINGULAS, MINUTISSIMIS LICET, FIDISSIMIS TAMEN OBSERVATIONIBUS, QUA AD
ANIMALIUM MORES VITAMQUE SPECTARENT, EXORNAREM.”

Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl., ad lectorem, p. 2.

PART II.

V

LONDON:

PUBLISHED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY BY
ROBERT HARDWICK E, 192, PICCADILLY.

MDCCCLXIY.

175

Family THERIDIIDiE.

Much diversity in the brilliancy and disposition of their colours is observable among the
spiders of this family. They have the falces articulated vertically, or on an inclined plane,
and the abdomen is furnished with three pairs of spinners and two branchial opercula. The
legs differ considerably in length in different species, and the tarsi are terminated by three or
more claws, the additional ones, w-hen present, being very minute.

Trees, shrubs, herbage, interstices in rocks and walls, the inferior surface of stones, and
the inside of buildings are the haunts most congenial to the Theridiidce , which have a wide
geographical distribution. Their snares consist of fine lines intersecting one another in
different planes and at various angles; in extent and complexity they are greatly diversified,
and present the appearance of being constructed without any regular plan.

Genus THERIDION {Watch).

Byes disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse, converging-
rows; they do not differ greatly in size, and the four intermediate ones usually form a square,
but in some instances they describe a trapezoid.

Maxilla long, inclined towards the lip, and obliquely truncated at the extremity, on
the outer side.

Lip short, semicircular, triangular, or quadrate.

Legs either long and slender, or of moderate length and strength ; the first pair is
usually the longest, then the fourth pair, which sometimes exceeds the first in longitudinal
extent, and the third pair is the shortest.

A

24

176

THERIDIIDTE.

Theridion lineatum. PL XIII, fig. 111.

Theridion lineatum , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 285.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 337.

redimilum, Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 97.

— — Hahn, Die Arachn., Band i, p. 86, tab. 21, fig. 65.
ovatum, Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1831, p. 113.

Theridium redimitum, Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 133, tab. 427, figs. 1053—
1055.

Steatoda redimita, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Svst., erstes Heft, p. 9.

Titulus 12, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 51.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T ! ? th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, |th; length of an anterior leg, |>ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, 1th.

The eyes are seated on black spots; four, which are intermediate, form a square, the
two anterior ones being rather the smallest of the eight, and those constituting each lateral
pair are placed on a tubercle and are almost contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is convex,
glossy, compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the medial
line; the falces are conical, vertical, and armed with a few teeth on the inner surface; the
maxillae are inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular; and the sternum is heart-shaped;
the legs are long and slender; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair
is the shortest. These parts, with the palpi, which are short, are of a pale-yellowish colour,
faintly tinged with green; the cephalo-thorax has fine, black, lateral margins, and a dark,
obscure band extending along the middle; the sternum also has fine, black, lateral margins,
and a medial line of the same hue; and the anterior legs have a black annulus at the
extremity of the tibia. The two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base. Each palpus has a curved, pectinated claw at its
extremity. The abdomen is subglobose, glossy, sparingly supplied with hairs, very convex
above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a pale, yellowish-white
colour, with a dark, ramified line extending along the middle of the upper part, and two rows
of small, black, indented spots on each side, which converge to the spinners, the outer row
being usually the more conspicuous; two black spots occur on each side of the spinners, and
a broad black band occupies the middle of the under part; the sexual organs, which are
small, have a dark, reddish-brown hue; and the colour of the branchial opercula is yellow 7 ,
their posterior margin having a reddish-brown tint.

Tw r o handsome varieties of Theridion lineatum have been described by arachnologists as
distinct species. One, Theridion redimitum , has a line of a carmine hue on the upper part of
the abdomen, which describes a large oval; and the other, Theridion ovatum, has the entire
oval space of a carmine colour.

THERIDION.

177

The male is smaller than the female, which it resembles in colour, but its lesfs are longer,
an anterior one measuring nine sixteenths of an inch. The falces are long, widely divergent
at the extremity, provided with a large, pointed process near the base, on the under side, and
are terminated by a long fang abruptly curved near its extremity. The radial joint of the
palpi is larger than the cubital and clavate ; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are moderately developed,
complicated in structure, with a curved, black spine on the outer side, and a shorter one at
the extremity, and are of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are
directed towards each other.

This common spider, remarkable for its variation in colour, spins among coarse herbage
and the stems of shrubs numerous fine, glossy lines, intersecting one another in different planes
and at various angles, which constitute a snare similar in design to the toils constructed by
the Theridia generally. It pairs in June, and in July the female deposits about 170 spherical
eggs, of a yellowish-white colour, not agglutinated together, in a globular cocoon of bluish-
white, blue, or greenish-blue silk, of a loosish texture, measuring one fourth of an inch in
diameter. The cocoon is enclosed in a slight tissue of white silk connected with the inferior
surface of the leaves of trees and shrubs, the edges of which are convolved about it and are
letained in that position by silken lines. The young remain a long time in this nidus with
the female, and are supplied by her with food.

M. Koch, in transferring that variety of Theridion lineatum named redimitim to the genus
Steatoda of Professor Sundevall (‘Conspectus Arachnidum,’ pp. 16, 17), lapsed into an
inconsistency which M. Walckenaer has pointed out in his ‘ Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt.,’
t. ii, p. 288, and which he himself has subsequently corrected.

This species abounds in Scotland and Ireland.

Theridion quadripunctatum. Pi. XIII, fig.112.

Theridion quadripunctatum , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 290.

— Hahn, Die Arachn., Band i, p. 78, tab. 20, fig. 58.

— — Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1831, p. 118.

— Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series,

vol. viii, p. 337.

Steatoda quadripunctata, Sund., Consp. Arachn., pp. 16, 17.

Eucharia bipunctata, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 7.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 99, tab. 418, fig. 1027.
Phrurolithus ornatus, Koch, Die Arachn., Band vi, p. 114, tab. 208, fig. 515.

Titulus 11, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 49, tab, 1, fig. 11.

Length of the female, |th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Jth, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, | 6 ths; length of an anterior leg, |rd; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

17S

THERIDIIDJE.

The four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior ones, which are the largest
of the eight, being seated on a protuberance; those constituting each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a small tubercle, and are almost contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is convex,
glossy, slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial
line; it is sparingly supplied with short hairs, and of a dark-brown colour. The falces are
small, conical, vertical, and armed with a few teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are
enlarged where the palpi are inserted, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular;
and the sternum is Tieart-shaped. These parts have a reddish-brown tint. The legs are
moderately long, provided with hairs and fine spines, and are of a red-brown hue, with
brownish-black annuli; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the
shortest; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is
inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated
claw at their extremity. The abdomen is somewhat oviform, rather depressed, glossy,
sparingly clothed with hairs, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper
part, which is of a pale-brown colour, is encompassed by a broad, dark-brown band, which
passes above the spinners; the anterior part of this band comprises a curved, transverse,
yellowish-white line; an obscure line of the same hue extends along the middle, and a
transverse, curved, yellowish-white line occurs between the posterior part of the dark-brown
band and the spinners; a longitudinal series of small circular indentations, two pairs of which
are more conspicuous than the rest, occurs on each side of the medial line; the sides, below
the dark-brown band, and the under part have a pale-brown tint; a band of a darker brown
colour extends along the middle of the latter, and a line of the same hue encircles the spinners;
the colour of the branchial opercula is red-brown.

The white marks on the abdomen of this spider are liable to vary in form, size, and
number.

The male is smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. The abdomen is
prominent at its extremity, on the under side, and there is a small transverse fold near its
middle, which connects the posterior margins of the branchial opercula. The cubital and
radial joints of the palpi are short and provided with numerous long hairs, the former, which
is rather the longer, being abruptly inflected near its base ; the digital joint has a dark-brown
hue, and is somewhat oval, being obliquely truncated on the inner side, towards the extremity ;
it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are
highly developed, complicated in structure, with a large crescent-shaped process at their
extremity, whose longer and more pointed limb extends a little beyond the end of the joint,
and within the crescent the slender extremity of a long, curved, pointed spine appears ; their
colour is dark, reddish-brown. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards
each other.

Crevices in walls and rocks, and interstices among stones, are the haunts selected by this
species, which occurs in many parts of England and Wales. It pairs in May, and in June the
female constructs a globular cocoon, of yellowish-white silk, of a loose texture, measuring
three twentieths of an inch in diameter; it is usually attached to objects situated in the
vicinity of her snare, and contains about fifty spherical eggs of a pinkish colour, not
agglutinated together.

A female Theridion ([uadripunctatum placed in a phial which was closely corked and

THERIDION.

179

locked up in a book-case, continued to exist without receiving any nutriment whatever from
the 15th of October, 1829, to the 30th of April, 1831, when it died. That so voracious an
animal should be capable of enduring abstinence from food for so long a period is certainly
an extraordinary fact.

Theridion Sisyphum. PL XIII, fig. 113.

Theridion Sisyphum , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 298.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 97.

— — Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 47, tab. 58, fig. 132.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 338.

— lunatum , Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1831, p. 111.

Theridium • — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 8.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 74, tab. 273, fig. 615.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 137, tab. 429, figs. 1060, 1061.

Steatoda lunata, Sund., Consp. Arachn., pp. 16, 17.

Titulus 14, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 53, tab. 1, fig. 14.

Length of the female, gth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T ?th, breadth, d-th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^rd; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior ones, which are the largest
and darkest of the eight, being seated on a protuberance; those of each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a small tubercle and are nearly contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is convex,
glossy, slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the
medial line; the falces are small, conical and vertical; the maxillae are inclined towards the
lip, which is semicircular; and the sternum is heart-shaped, with small eminences on the
sides, opposite to the legs. These parts are of a red-brown colour, the sternum being the
palest and the lip the darkest. The legs are moderately long, provided with hairs, and of a
pale, reddish-brown hue, with obscure annuli of a deeper shade at the joints; the first pair is
the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The palpi are short, and resemble the legs in colour ; the digital joint, which
is the darkest, having a curved, pectinated claw at its extremity. The abdomen is sparingly
clothed with hairs, pointed at the spinners, very convex above, and projects over the base of
the cephalo-thorax; on the upper part various shades of ferruginous, black, and yellowish-
white colours are distributed in lines, streaks, and spots; near the summit of the convexity
two long, curved, yellowish-white lines meet in an angle whose vertex is directed forwards;
before the angular point two streaks of the same hue extend towards the cephalo-thorax,
comprising between them a black space mottled with ferruginous; and within the angle there

180

THERIDIID^E.

are two yellowish-white spots on a black ground, each of which is succeeded by an oblique
line of the same hue, directed towards the anus; above the spinners a large, oval, ferruginous
space occurs, and the colour of the sides is ferruginous mingled with black; the under part
has a dark-brown tint, with a pale-yellow spot above the outer margin of each branchial
operculum, another immediately below’ the sexual organs, and an irregular, transverse bar of
the same hue nearer to the spinners; the colour of the sexual organs is brownish-black, and
that of the branchial opercula dull, reddish-browm.

The male is much smaller, darker coloured, and less distinctly marked than the female.
The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short; the digital joint is oval, with a pointed
process at its base, which falls into a notch in the radial joint; it is convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,
prominent, complicated in structure, and have a curved process at their extremity which
projects beyond the end of the joint; their colour is red-brown.

This species occurs in the south of England, and was observed by Lister in Cambridge¬
shire, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire. He remarks that it fabricates an extensive snare on the
trunks of large oaks and between the greater branches of trees ; and that towards the end of
June the female usually constructs in this snare a dome-shaped cell, whose concavity is
directed downwards, in which she deposits one or more lenticular cocoons, of a red-brown
colour, containing her eggs.

Theridion tepidariorem. PI. XIII, fig. 114.

Theridion tepidariorum, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi,
p. 117.

Theridium — Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 75, tab. 273, fig. 646;
tab. 274, figs. 647, 648.

Length of the female, 1th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ~th, breadth, T ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ith; length of an anterior leg, T 7 3 ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior ones, which are the largest
and darkest of the eight, being seated on a protuberance; those constituting each lateral pair
are placed on a small tubercle, and are nearly contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is convex,
glossy, slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the
medial line; the falces are small, conical, and vertical; the maxillae are inclined towards the
lip, which is semicircular; and the sternum is heart-shaped, with small eminences on the
sides opposite to the legs. These parts are of a dark, reddish-brown colour; the falces,
maxillae, and lip being the palest. The legs are long, provided with hairs, and of a yellowish-
brown hue, with dark-brown annuli; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the
third pair is the shortest; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi are short, of a pale, yellowish-brown colour,

THERIDION.

18 L

with the exception of the digital joint, which has a reddish-brown tint, and are terminated by
a curved, pectinated claw. The abdomen is thinly clothed with hairs, pointed at the spinners,
very convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; on the upper part
various shades of yellowish-brown, black, and yellowish-white colours are distributed in lines,
streaks, and spots; from the anterior part of the summit of the convexity a curved, yellowish-
white line extends on each side, two shorter ones are directed towards the spinners, and
others, more or less curved, towards the cephalo-thorax; on the posterior half there is a large,
yellowish-brown space, bordered irregularly with black, and intersected by transverse, curved,
black bars and lines; the sides are of a yellowish-brown colour, streaked and spotted with
black, and the under part, which has a brownish-black tint, is marked with a yellowish-brown
spot, freckled with white, above the outer margin of each branchial operculum, another below
the sexual organs, and an irregular, transverse bar of the same hue nearer to the spinners;
the sexual organs are conspicuous, and have a dark, reddish-brown tint; and the colour of
the branchial opercula is yellow. This species varies considerably in colour, but the charac¬
teristic marks on the abdomen are always more or less apparent.

The male is much smaller, darker coloured, and less distinctly marked than the female;
the relative length of its legs also is different, the second pair surpassing the fourth. The
palpi are of a yellowish-brown colour, with the exception of the radial and digital joints,
which have a dark-brown tint; the radial joint is larger than the cubital; the digital joint is
somewhat oval, with a pointed process at its base, which falls into a notch on the inner side
of the radial joint, and extends to its. articulation with the cubital joint; it is convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,
prominent, not very complicated in structure, and are terminated by a strong, curved,
corneous process, which projects beyond the extremity of the joint; they are of a red-brown
colour.

Though Theridion tejoidarionmi has not been observed in the open air in this country, yet
it is not uncommon in conservatories, where it constructs among the stems of plants, and in
the angles formed by partitions, an extensive, complicated snare, somewhat of a pyramidal
form, which consists of numerous fine, glossy lines, intersecting one another in different planes
and at various angles. The sexes pair in June, and during the summer and autumn the
female fabricates several balloon-shaped cocoons of different sizes, varying from one fifth to
one third of an inch in diameter, which she suspends in the upper part of her snare, with the
larger extremities downwards; they are composed of reddish-brown silk, of a fine but compact
texture, and the largest of them sometimes comprises between four hundred and five hundred
spherical eggs, of a pale, yellowish-white colour, not agglutinated together. Young spiders
and cocoons containing eggs may frequently be seen in the snare at the same time.

In Germany, as in Britain, this species has only been met with in conservatories, a
circumstance which has induced M. Koch to conjecture, with great probability, that it is not
indigenous to that country, but that it has been introduced with exotic plants; and this
conjecture applies with equal force to our own country. His words are, Fast mochte ich
diese Art als eine urspriinglich deutsche in Zweifel ziehen, indem sie, wie es scheint, nur in
warmen Glashausern vorkommt; vielleicht ist ihre Brut mit aussereuropaischen Pflanzen
nach Deutschland gebracht worden ” (‘Die Arachn,,’ B. viii, p. 78).

182

THERIDI1DHL

Theridion riparium. PI. XIII, fig. 115.

Theridion riparium, Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 354.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 338.

—• saxatile, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 328.

Theridium — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Svst., erstes Heft, p. 8.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band iv, p. 116, tab. 141, figs. 324, 325.

Length of the female, 1th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T ' 7 th, breadth, ~th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, -£jhs; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

In form and colour this species bears a close resemblance to Theridion Sisyphum, but may
be distinguished from it by its smaller size and different economy. The cephalo-thorax is
convex, glossy, slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation
in the medial line ; the falces are small, conical, and vertical; the maxillae are inclined towards
the lip, which is quadrate; the sternum is heart-shaped, and the palpi are short and robust.
These parts are of a red-brown hue, the cephalo-thorax and sternum being much the darkest.
The legs are moderately long and of a yellowish-brown colour, with broad, red-brown annuli.
The four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior ones being seated on a protu¬
berance ; those constituting each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are
contiguous. The abdomen is thinly clothed with hairs, pointed at the spinners, very convex
above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a red-brown
colour, mottled with black and white, and bisected by an irregular, transverse, white line,
interrupted in the middle by a triangular black spot, between which and the spinners there is
a curved, transverse, black line ; the under part, which has a brownish-black tint, is marked
with a transverse band of red-brown near the spinners; and the colour of the branchial
opercula is red-brown.

The male is much smaller, darker coloured, and less distinctly marked than the female,
but the relative length of its legs is the same. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are
short; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a pointed process at its base, which falls into
a notch in the radial joint and extends to its articulation with the cubital joint; it is convex
and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly deve¬
loped, not very complicated in structure, and are of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of
the digital joints are directed towards each other.

The economy of this species, which is evidently identical with the Theridium scixalile of
M. Koch, is very remarkable. It spins under the projections of broken, precipitous banks in
the woods about Oakland a snare composed of fine, glossy lines, arranged after the manner of
the Theridia. The union of the sexes takes place in July, and in August the female fabricates
a slender, conical tube of silk, of a very slight texture, measuring from one and a half to two
and a half inches in length, and about half an inch in diameter at its lower extremity; it is

THERIDION.

183

closed above, open below, thickly covered externally with particles of indurated earth, small
stones, and withered leaves and flowers, which are incorporated with it, and is suspended
perpendicularly in the snare by lines attached to its sides and apex. In the upper part of
this singular domicile the female constructs several globular cocoons of yellowish-white silk, of
a slight texture, having a mean diameter of about one eighth of an inch, in each of which she
deposits from twenty to sixty small spherical eggs of a pale, yellowish-white colour, not
agglutinated together. The young, after quitting the cocoons, remain a long time with the
female, and are supplied by her with food, which consists chiefly of ants.

Theridion nervosum. PI. XIII, fig. 116.

Theridion nervosum, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 301.

— — Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 48, tab. 58, fig. 133.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 442.

— Sisyphus, Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1831, p. 115.

Theridium — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 8.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 73, tab. 273, fig. 644.

Titulus 13, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 51, tab. 1, fig. 13.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T ' ? th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths- length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior ones, which are the darkest
and rather the largest of the eight, being seated on a protuberance; those constituting each
lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle and are nearly in contact. The cephalo-
thorax is convex, glossy, slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has a large
indentation in the medial line; it is of a dull-yellow colour, with dark, reddish-brown lateral
margins, and a broad band of the same hue extending along the middle. The falces are
conical, vertical, and have a yellowish-brown tint. The maxillae are convex at the base,
strongly inclined towards the lip, and of a pale, red-brown colour. The lip is semicircular,
and has a brownish hue. The sternum is heart-shaped, and of a dull-yellow colour, with
narrow, pale, red-brown margins. The legs are moderately long, provided with hairs, and
have a yellowish-brown tint, with pale, red-brown annuli at the joints; the first pair*is the
longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; the two superior tarsal claws are
curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi are short,
of a yellowish-brown colour, and are terminated by a curved, pectinated claw. The abdomen
is glossy, thinly clothed with hairs, subglobose, pointed at the spinners, and projects over the
base of the cephalo-thorax; in the medial line of the upper part there is a broad, pale, red-
brown band, which is thickly spotted with white anteriorly, and comprises a longitudinal,
yellowish-white line situated above the anus; this band is bounded on each side by a broad,

25

184

THERIDIID7E.

brownish-black band, intersected by several white lines ; the sides have a brownish or
greenish-yellow hue, and are densely mottled with white at the upper part, contiguous to the
outer margin of the brownish-black bands; an obscure, red-brown line extends in a sharp
curve from their anterior extremity to the under part, which has a dull-yellow or greenish-
yellow tint; a brownish-black angular line, having its vertex directed forwards, is situated
immediately before the sexual organs, and a spot of the same hue occurs near the spinners ;
the sexual organs are small, and of a dark, reddish-brown colour; and the branchial opercula
have a yellow tint. This species varies in colour, some individuals being much darker than
others, but the white lines which intersect the brownish-black bands on the upper part of
the abdomen are generally present.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is smaller than the female, and the design
on its oviform abdomen is less distinctly marked. The colour of its palpi is yellowish-brown,
with the exception of the digital joint, which has a dark, reddish-brown tint; the humeral
joint is very gibbous near the base, on the outer side, and on this enlargement there are
numerous short, black spines, each of which is terminated by a fine hair; the cubital and
radial joints are short, the latter being produced at its extremity, on the outer side; the
digital joint is oval, convex, and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal
organs, which are moderately developed, not very complex in structure, and of a dark,
reddish-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each
other.

A complex snare, having somewhat of a pyramidal form, is spun on trees, shrubs, gorse-
bushes, and heath, by this common spider, which is widely distributed in Great Britain and
Ireland. It pairs in June, and in July the female constructs a globular cocoon of dull-green
silk, of a loose texture, measuring one eighth of an inch in diameter, which includes from
thirty to forty small, yellowish-white, spherical eggs, not adherent among themselves. This
cocoon is placed under a shallow, dome-shaped canopy of silk, about which withered leaves,
flowers, and the remains of insects are accumulated; it is situated among the foliage near
the upper part of the snare, and in this nidus the young live amicably together with the female
till they are capable of providing for themselves, when they separate.

Like its congeners, this species envelops with lines drawn from the spinners by means
of the posterior legs such insects as are too powerful for it to attack when first entangled in
its toils.

Theridion pictum. PL XIII, fig. 117.

Theridion pictum , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 304.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 489.

— — Hahn, Hie Araehn., Band i, p. 90, tab. 22, fig. 68.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, voL xiv,

p. 31.

Steatoda — Koch, Uebers. des Araehn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 9.

Theridium — Koch, Hie Araehn., Band xii, p. 139, tab. 429, figs. 1062, 1063.

THERIDION.

185

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, T ‘ 6 th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, fths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ith.

The legs are long, particularly those of the anterior pair, and have a yellowish-brown
hue, with dark-brown annuli; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third
pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are
curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the
legs in colour, and have a small, curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The cephalo-
thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before, and rounded on the sides, which are marked
with slight furrows converging towards a large indentation in the medial line; its colour is
yellowish-brown, with broad, dark-brown, lateral margins, and a band of the same hue
extending along the middle, which is contracted behind the cephalic region, and somewhat
irregular in outline. The four intermediate eyes form a square; the two anterior ones are
seated on a protuberance, and are the largest and darkest of the eight; those of each lateral
pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle and are contiguous. The falces are conical and
vertical; and the maxillae are convex at the base, obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the
outer side, and inclined towards the lip. These organs have a reddish-brown tint. The lip
is semicircular, and of a dark-brown hue. The sternum is of an elongated heart-shape, with
minute prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs; it is glossy, and of a yellowish-brown
colour, the margins, with the exception of the frontal one, having a dark-brown hue. The
abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed with short hairs, convex above, and projects over the
base of the cephalo-thorax ; the upper part is of a dark-brown colour, freckled with yellowish-
brown, and a large, acutely dentated, red band, finely bordered with yellow, extends along
the middle ; this band tapers from its anterior part, which is triangular, to the spinners ; the
sides are of a pale-brown hue, freckled with yellowish-brown; the under part is of a brownish-
black colour ; and that of the branchial opercula is yellow; the sexual organs have a reddish-
brown hue, and their posterior margin is prominent.

The male is smaller and slenderer than the female, but it resembles her in the design
formed by the distribution of its colours. Its palpi, which are short, have a brownish-yellow
hue, the digital joint being the darkest, and the colour of the palpal organs is red-brown.

Two adult females of this handsome Theridion were received from the Rev. Hamlet
Clark in October, 1853. Both specimens were captured at Richmond in the autumn of the
same year bv Mr. George Guyon; and an adult male was contributed by Mr. R. H. Meade.

Theridion denticulatum. PI. XIII, fig. 118-

Theridion denticulatum, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 305.

_ — Blackvv., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 124.

__ — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. History, second series,

vol. viii, p. 443.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, soth, breadth, r,-,th,

186

THERIDIIDiE.

breadth of the abdomen, T ~th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, 5 th.

The cephalo-thorax is short, oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides con¬
verging towards an indentation in the medial line ; the falces are conical and vertical; the
maxillae are greatly inclined towards the lip, which is triangular; and the sternum is heart-
shaped. These parts are of a dark-brown colour; the falces and the inner surface of the
maxillae are the palest, and the former have an obscure, dark, longitudinal streak in front,
and another on the outer side, near the base. The legs are moderately long and slender,
provided with hairs and erect spines, and of a pale, yellowish-brown colour, with dark-brown
annuli; the first pair is much the longest, the fourth pair is rather longer than the second,
and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior
ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi
resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The
four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior ones, which are the darkest and rather
the largest of the eight, being seated on a protuberance; those constituting each lateral pair
are placed obliquely on a small tubercle and are contiguous. The abdomen is subglobose,
thinly covered with hairs, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part
is of a dull-brown colour, with a strongly dentated band of a yellowish-white hue, sometimes
intermixed with reddish-brown, extending along the middle; this band has a narrow border,
of a brownish-black tint, from which rows of spots of the same hue pass obliquely on the
sides, which are of a pale-brown colour, thickly spotted with yellowish-white ; the under part
has a brownish-black tint, a spot near the spinners and a smaller one on the outer side of
each branchial operculum being yellowish; the spinners have a pale-brown hue, and the
colour of the branchial opercula is dull, yellowish-brown. Lighter and darker coloured
varieties of this species are not uncommon.

The male is smaller than the female, and its abdomen, which is darker coloured, has a
prominent, transverse fold near the middle of the under part. The colour of its palpi is
yellowish-brown, with the exception of the digital joint, which has a dark-brown tint; the
cubital and radial joints are short, the latter being produced at the extremity, on the outer
side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are moderately developed, not very complex in structure, and of a
reddish-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other.

Branches of trees and shrubs trained against buildings, and crevices in rocks and walls,
are the situations usually occupied by this species. The female, in the month of June or July,
attaches to objects near her retreat a globular cocoon of greenish-brown silk, of a very loose
texture, measuring one ninth of an inch in diameter, in which she deposits from thirty to sixty
spherical eggs, of a brown colour, not agglutinated together.

THERIDION.

187

Thkridion simile. PI. XIV, fig. 119.

Theridion simile , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 314.
Theridium — Koch, Die Arachn., Band iii, p. 62, tab. 94, fig. 215.
— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 79, tab. 275, fig. 649.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, &th, breadth, £th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, T gth.

The cephalo-thorax is small, oval, convex, glossy, with furrows on the sides converging
towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces are conical and vertical; the maxillae are
obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer side, and inclined towards the lip, which is
semicircular, but somewhat pointed at the apex; and the sternum is heart-shaped, with small
eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts are of a red-brown colour, the
middle and margins of the cephalo-thorax, the sides of the sternum, and the lip, being much
the darkest. The eyes are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two trans¬
verse rows; the four intermediate ones form a square, those of the anterior pair, which are
seated on a protuberance, being the largest and darkest of the eight; the eyes of each lateral
pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are contiguous. The legs are moderately
long, slender, provided with hairs, and of a brownish-yellow hue, with red-brown annuli,
particularly at the articulation of the joints; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and
the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior
ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi
resemble the legs in colour, but are without red-brown annuli, with the exception of one faint
annulus at the extremity of the radial joint, and the digital joint has a small, curved, pectinated
claw at its termination, which has a brown hue. The abdomen is subglobular, somewhat
pointed at the spinners, thinly clothed with hairs, and projects over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; it is of a yellowish-white colour, minutely freckled with brown; a whitish, dentated
band, bounded on each side by a dark-brown band, whose anterior extremity is the broadest,
extends along the middle of the upper part, and is enlarged in the anterior region in a
triangular form; this band comprises a narrow, longitudinal, brown band, whose continuity
is usually interrupted by the base of the triangle; a greatly curved line, of a dark-brown
colour, extends from the exterior margin of each brancial operculum to a patch of the same
hue immediately below the spinners; the orifice of the sexual organs, which is nearly circular,
has a reddish-brown colour, and that of the branchial opercula is red-brown.

The male bears a strong resemblance to the female, but it is smaller, and darker coloured.
Its palpi are short; the radial is smaller than the cubital joint, and is somewhat produced at
the extremity, oil the under side; the digital joint has a brownish hue; it is oval, convex
and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are moderately
developed, not very complex in structure, with a black process enveloped in membrane at
their extremity, which is slightly curved outwards, and extends beyond the end of the joint;

188

THERIDIIME.

their colour is brownish-yellow, mingled with red-brown. The convex sides of the digital
joints are directed towards each other. On the under part of the abdomen there is a very
dark-brown, prominent, transverse fold.

In the summer of 1860 the Rev. O. P. Cambridge took adult and immature males and
females of this species at Hursley, near Winchester, and at Bloxworth, in Dorsetshire.

Theridion varians. PI. XIV, fig. 120.

Theridion varians , Hahn, Die Arachn., Band i, p. 93, tab. 22, figs. 71, 72.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 314.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 443.

Theridium — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 134, tab. 428, figs. 1056—1058.

Length of the female, jth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, 1th; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The cephalo-thorax is short, oval, convex, glossy, and has a large indentation in the
medial line ; it is of a yellowish-white colour, with a broad, black band extending along the
middle, fine, black, lateral margins, and a spot of the same hue on the frontal margin. The
falces, which are conical and vertical, have a yellowish tint, with a black spot at the base, in
front. The maxillae are convex at the base, and inclined towards the lip, which is somewhat
triangular. The colour of these parts is yellowish, each having a black spot at the base.
The sternum is heart-shaped, of a pale-yellow hue, and is broadly bordered with black, except
at the anterior part. The legs are long, slender, and diaphanous, with black annuli; the
first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is
terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The palpi, which are short, resemble the legs in colour,
and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The four intermediate eyes form a
square, the two anterior ones, which are seated on a protuberance, being the darkest and
rather the largest of the eight; those constituting each lateral pair are contiguous, and are
placed on a small tubercle. The abdomen is subglobose, glossy, thinly clothed with hairs,
and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a dark-brown colour on the upper
part, a broad, strongly dentated band, which tapers to the spinners, extending along the
middle; this band has a reddish-brown tint, except at the extremities and margins, which are
yellowish, and it comprises some irregular black lines; at the anterior extremity there is a
transverse, curved, black line, whose convexity is directed upwards; the sides and under
part are of a dull, yellowish-brown colour, mottled with numerous minute, irregular, yellowish
spots, the superior margin of the former being strongly dentated ; a brownish-black, oval spot
occurs on each side of the upper part of the sexual organs, and a larger one of the same hue
is situated between those organs and the spinners*, the sexual organs have a longitudinal,

THERIDION.

189

red-brown septum in the middle, and their posterior margin is triangular, prominent, and
black; the colour of the branchial opercula is pale-yellow. This spider, as its name imports,
varies greatly in colour. The female becomes paler after she has deposited her eggs, and
the brownish-black spot between the sexual organs and the spinners is then frequently almost
obliterated.

The male is smaller and somewhat darker coloured than the female, and its falces are
gibbous at the base, in front. Its abdomen is oviform, convex above, and has a very
prominent, transverse fold near the middle of the under part. The colour of its palpi is
yellowish-brown, with the exception of the radial and digital joints, which have a dark-brown
hue; the radial joint is smaller than the cubital, and is* produced on the outer side; the
digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal
organs; these organs are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a strong, black,
prominent, crescent-shaped process towards the inner side, a fine spine near the middle, which
is curved downwards, and a short, pointed process at the extremity extending a little beyond
the end of the joint; they are of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints
are directed towards each other.

Theridion varians occurs in localities similar to those frequented by Theridion denticulatum ,
and is a common British spider. It pairs in June, and in July the female constructs several
globular cocoons, of dull, white silk, of a very loose texture, the largest of which measures
about one seventh of an inch in diameter; they are attached to objects situated near the
upper part of the snare, and contain, according to their size, from twenty to sixty spherical
eggs, of a yellowish-white colour, not adherent among themselves. Withered leaves, dried
moss, and particles of indurated earth are generally disposed about the cocoons.

On the 14th of June, 1852, an adult female of this species was captured at Oakland,
which had only six eyes; the two posterior intermediate ones were entirely wanting, and the
posterior eye of each lateral pair had not half of the usual size. An inexperienced observer
might be induced by the symmetrical arrangement of the organs of vision in this individual,
not only to give it a place in the tribe Senoculina , but also to propose a new genus for its
reception.

Of the three figures of Theridion varians , 1056, 1057, and 1058, given by M. Koch, in
the twelfth volume of ‘ Die Arachniden/ M. Walckenaer has placed the first and second
among the synonyma of Theridion denticulatum , and the third among those of Theridion tinctum ;
he has also referred to fig. 1056 as a portrait of a female, whereas it most unequivocally repre¬
sents a male (* Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt./ t. iv, pp. 489, 490). With due deference to the
opinion of so accomplished an arachnologist as M. Walckenaer, there does not appear to be
any sufficient reason to question the accuracy of the view taken by M. Koch.

190

THERIDIIMS.

Theridion tinctum. PI. XIV, fig. 121.

Theridion tinctum, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 308.

Theridium irroratum, Koch, Die Arachn., Band iv, p. 120, tab. 141, fig. 327.

Length of the female, 7 ' 5 th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^fth ;
breadth of the abdomen, 7 ' H th; length of an anterior leg, T 3 5 ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ~ths.

The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs, and fine, erect spines, and are of a
yellowish-white colour, with black spots and annuli; the first pair is the longest, then the
second, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two
superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected at its base. The palpi,
which are short, resemble the legs in colour, and have a small, curved, pectinated claw at their
extremity. The cephalo-thorax is slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides, convex,
glossy, and has an indentation in the medial line; it is of a yellowish-white hue, with several
black spots on the lateral margins, a transverse line of the same hue on the frontal margin,
which is broadest in the middle, and a triangular, soot-coloured mark, with pale, brownish-
yellow intermixed, whose base comprises the posterior row of eyes, and whose vertex ter¬
minates at the medial indentation. The eyes, which are seated on black spots, are disposed
in two transverse rows on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax ; the four intermediate ones
form a square, the two anterior ones, which are placed on a protuberance, being the largest
and darkest of the eight; the eyes of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle,
and are near to each other, but not in contact. The falces are conical, vertical, and armed
with a few minute teeth on the inner surface; they are of a pale, brownish-yellow hue,
tinged with red at the extremity, and have a short, black, longitudinal streak at their base,
on the inner side. The maxillse are obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer side,
and are inclined towards the lip, which is triangular, but rounded at the apex. The former
of these organs have a brownish-yellow hue, and that of the latter is dark-brown, being palest
at the apex. The sternum is heart-shaped, and of a yellowish-white colour, with black spots
on the sides, and a streak of the same hue extending from the posterior extremity, along the
middle, nearly its entire length. The abdomen is subglobose, thinly clothed with hairs,
projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and is of a pale-yellow colour; a black band,
curved round its anterior extremity, extends to the sides, and projects from its middle an
angular point, directed upwards; on each side of the medial line of the upper part there is a
row of black spots, confluent or nearly so, which extends to the spinners; the two anterior
spots are much the largest, and when united at their base, which is usually the case, describe
two contiguous triangles, whose vertices are directed forwards; in thedentated, pale-yellowish
space comprised between the two rows of black spots there are several angular, soot-coloured
lines, whose vertices are directed forwards; and a few oblique streaks of the same hue pass
from the spots to the sides; a spot situated before the sexual organs, a triangular one behind
them, on each side of which there is a short, oblique streak, and two minute ones near the
base of the inferior spinners have a black hue; the sexual organs, which are moderately

THERIDION.

191

developed, are of a red-brown colour, and that of the branchial opercula is pale, brownish-
yellow.

The male is slenderer, darker coloured, and has much longer legs than the female. The
cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, and the latter is produced at its extremity, on
the outer side, where there are a few long hairs; the digital joint is oval, and is tinged with
brown ; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which
are neither highly developed nor very complex in structure; they have a short, dark-brown
process at their extremity, which is in contact with some prominent, semi-transparent membrane
on the outer side, and their colour is red-brown.

Numerous specimens of Tlieridion tinctum were taken by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, in
the summer of 1860, in uninhabited rooms in Dorsetshire. This species, though very closely
connected with Tlieridion various , Tlieridion denticulatum, and Tlieridion simile , by relations of
affinity, yet may be distinguished from them by the greater length of its legs, and particularly
by those of the second pair surpassing those of the posterior pair, a character which approxi¬
mates it to the spiders of the genus Linyphia .

Theridion pulchellum. PI. XIV, fig. 122.

Theridion pulchellum, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 311.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 444.

— formosum, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. x,

p. 101.

Theridium vittatum, Koch, Die Arachn., Band iii, p. 65, tab. 94, fig. 217.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band iv, p. 118, tab. 141, fig. 326.

Length of the female, gth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, i B th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, <f*ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, and has a large indentation in the medial
line; it is of a yellowish-brown colour, tinged with green; a broad, black band extends along
the middle, and a fine line of the same hue occurs on the margins. The falces are conical,
vertical, and armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, near their extremity; the maxillae
are inclined towards the lip, which is nearly semicircular. These parts are of a reddish-
brown hue, the lip being black at the base. The sternum is heart-shaped, with small
prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs; it has a yellowish-brown tint in the middle,
and broad, black, lateral margins, which meet at its posterior extremity. The legs are long,
provided with hairs, and of a yellowish-brown colour, with reddish-brown annuli; the first
pair is the longest, the fourth pair rather surpasses the second, and the third pair is the
shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claw r s; the two superior ones are curved and
pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in
colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The eyes are nearly equal in

26

192

THERIDIIDiE.

size; the four intermediate ones form a square, the two anterior ones being the darkest and
rather the largest of the eight; those constituting each lateral pair are seated on a small
tubercle, and are contiguous. The abdomen is sparingly clothed with hairs, very convex
above, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax; along the middle of the
upper part there extends a broad, dark, red-brown band, having sinuous margins, which is
bordered anteriorly with pale-yellow; the sides have a lighter shade of red-brown, and the
colour of the under part is yellow, tinged with green, a broad, longitudinal, dark, red-brown
band occupying the medial line; a small, pale, curved, prominent process is connected with
the sexual organs; and the branchial opercula have a yellow tint.

In colour the sexes closely resemble each other; but the male is rather smaller and
darker than the female, and the relative length of its legs is different, the second pair being
longer than the fourth. The cubital and radial joints of the palpi are short; the latter, which
is the stronger, projects an acute apophysis from its extremity, on the under side, and has a
protuberance on the outer side, with which several long bristles are connected; the digital
joint is of an oblong oval form, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs; these organs are moderately developed, complicated in structure, having an
obtuse, projecting process in contact with the protuberance on the outer side of the radial
joint, and two fine spines at their extremity, one of which is curved into a circular form;
their colour is dark, reddish-brown. The digital joints of the palpi have their convex sides
directed towards each other.

In summer and autumn this species may be found on rails and gates about Oakland.
The plan of its snare is similar to that on which the snares of other Theridia are constructed.
In June the female deposits about twenty-nine spherical eggs of a yellowish-white colour, not
adherent among themselves, in a globular cocoon of white silk, of a fine but compact texture,
measuring one eighth of an inch in diameter. Near the cocoon, which is sometimes attached
to the under side of a leaf by fine lines of silk, she takes her station, and on the approach of
danger endeavours to secure her treasure by seizing it with her falces, palpi, and feet.

Theridion Carolinum. PI. XIV, fig. 123.

Theridion Carolinum , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 315.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 444.

— dorsiger, Hahn, Hie Araehn., Band i, p. 82, tab. 20, fig. 61 (misnumbered

60 in the plate).

Linyphia bimaculata , Koch, Uebers. des Araehn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 10.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The eyes are seated on a small eminence; the four intermediate ones form a square, the

THERIDION.

193

two anterior ones, which are placed on a protuberance, being the smallest, and the two
posterior ones the largest of the eight; those constituting each lateral pair are seated on a
small tubercle, and are contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before,
rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial line ; the falces are conical and
vertical; the lip is semicircular, and the sternum is heart-shaped, with small prominences
on the sides, opposite to the legs. The colour of these parts is red-brown, with the exception
of the extremity of the lip, and an irregular spot on each side of the cephalo-thorax, which
have a yellowish-white tint. The maxillm are enlarged at the base, where the palpi are
inserted, inclined towards the lip, and of a yellowish-white hue, with an irregular, red-brown
spot on the outer side. The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and a few erect spines,
and have a yellowish-white tint; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair
is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved
and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs
in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The abdomen is subglobose,
thinly covered with hairs, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is of a red-
brown colour, with a pale-yellow band in the medial line of the upper part, which is broadest
at the anterior extremity, and tapers to the spinners; the sexual organs are prominent, of a
red-brown hue, and have an obtuse, black process in connexion with them, which projects
forwards towards the sternum; the colour of the branchial opercula is yellowish-brown.

The male, according to the description given of it by M. Koch in Herrich Schaffer’s
c Deutschlands Insecten,’ Heft 127, is smaller than the female, and its abdomen, which is
more cylindrical, is curved downwards at the posterior extremity, and almost black; the
yellow, longitudinal band, also, on the upper part is much smaller, and bisected transversely.
Its legs are longer than those of the other sex, and have somewhat of a reddish-yellow hue ;
and the palpi are long, and of a dark-brown colour, the digital joint excepted, which is black,
with a yellowish, curved extremity; the colour of the palpal organs (der Knoten) is chesnut-
brown.

This rare spider has been taken among grass near woods at Oakland, and has also been
captured in Essex by Mr. R. H. Meade. In June the female fabricates a globular cocoon of
white silk, of a slight texture, measuring one tenth of an inch in diameter, in which she
deposits about fifty spherical eggs, of a pale, yellowish-white colour, not agglutinated together.
The cocoon is attached to the spinners by short silken lines, and is transported with her
wherever she goes, in the manner of the Lycosce.

Theridion versutum. PI. XIV, fig. 124.

Theridion versutum, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xviii, p. 302.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 444.

Length of the male, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, gth, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, §ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

194

theridiiml

The four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior ones, which are the darkest
and rather the smallest of the eight, being seated on a protuberance ; those constituting each
lateral pair are placed on a small tubercle, and are contiguous. The ceplialo-thorax is
convex, glossy, slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in
the medial line ; the falces are powerful, conical, and vertical. Both parts are of a brown
colour, faintly tinged with red. The maxillae are convex at the base, and greatly inclined
towards the lip, which is semicircular, and the sternum is heart-shaped. These parts are of
a brown hue, tinged with yellow, the extremities of the maxillae being yellowish-white. The
legs are long, slender, provided with hairs, and of a pale, yellowish-brown colour; the first
pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is termi¬
nated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one
is inflected near its base. The palpi have a pale, yellowish-brown tint; the radial joint is
larger than the cubital, and is produced on the outer side; this elongation is rounded at the
extremity, and applies very closely to the digital joint, which is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; they are moderately developed,
complicated in structure, with a prominent process on the inner side, and a strong, curved
spine at the extremity, whose slender point is in contact with a delicate, white membrane, and
are]’of a reddish-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly covered with hairs,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; the upper part is black, with
a large, white, crescent-shaped mark at its anterior extremity, and three longitudinal rows of
white spots, one on each side, and the other extending along the middle, which diminish in
size]as they approach the spinners ; the under part has a yellowish tint, freckled with black;
and^the colour of the branchial opercula is pale-yellow.

The specimen from which the foregoing description was made was captured in the neigh¬
bourhood of Winchester, in July, 1846, by James Franklin Preston, Esq., and was comprised
in a collection of Araneidea, made by that gentleman in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.

Theridion pallens. PL XIV, fig. 125.

Theridion pallens, Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 357.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Flat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 445.

— minimum ,, Wider, Museum Senekenb., Band i, p. 249, taf. 17, fig. 2.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 320.

Epeira nubila , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. x, p. 101.

Length of the female, ~th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, Tth; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides,
and has an indentation in the medial line; the falces are small, conical, and vertical; the

THERIDION.

195

maxillae are inclined towards the lip, which is somewhat triangular; the sternum is heart-
shaped, and the legs and palpi are provided with hairs and fine spines. These parts are of a
yellowish-white colour, the legs and palpi being the palest; the sternum has a tinge of green,
and a broad, dark-brown band extends along the middle of the cephalo-thorax. The first pair
of legs is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is
terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior
ones being seated on a protuberance; those constituting each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a small tubercle, and are contiguous. The abdomen is subglobose, sparingly
clothed with short hairs, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a
pale-yellow colour, mottled with spots of a lighter hue; there are several dark-brown spots at
the anterior extremity of the upper part, two transverse, confluent, dark-brown streaks on each
side, near the middle, the anterior one of which is the longer and somewhat curved, and an
obscure, longitudinal streak of the same hue occurs immediately above the spinners; on the
under part two oblique bands, of a dull-greenish colour, converge towards the sexual organs,
the margins of which are black; and the branchial opercula have a pale-yellow tint. The
dark-brown marks on the upper part of the abdomen are subject to some modification of form
in different individuals, and almost disappear after the female has deposited her eggs.

The male differs from the female in various particulars; it is smaller, the second pair of
legs is longer than the fourth, and the colour of these organs, with that of the sternum and
cephalo-thorax, is yellowish-brown, a broad, brownish-black band, whose margins are the
darkest, extending along the middle of the last part. The falces, maxillse, and lip have a
pale, reddish-brown tint. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, with the exception of the
digital joint, which has a dark-brown hue ; the cubital and radial joints are short and strong,
the latter being most prominent on the outer side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are highly developed,
and have a strong spine on the outer side, which is curved into a circular form, and terminates
in an obtuse projection at their extremity; they are of a dark, red-brown colour. The convex
sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other. The abdomen is somewhat
depressed, moderately convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the
upper part has a brownish-black tint; the colour of the sides and under part is pale-yellow,
the former being almost white at their anterior extremity; and each branchial operculum is
surrounded by an irregular, black line.

Bushes and coarse herbage growing in the vicinity of woods in Lancashire and Denbigh¬
shire are frequented by this minute species of Theridion. It pairs in May, and in June the
female deposits about twenty spherical eggs, of a pale-yellowish colour, in a pyriform cocoon,
having several conical prominences disposed in a circle round its greatest circumference; it is
composed of fine, compact, white silk, and measures three twentieths of an inch in length, and
one tenth in diameter.

The dissimilarity of the sexes in structure and colour has occasioned the male to be
described in the c London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine ’ as an Epeira, under the
specific name of nubila ; a careful investigation of its habits and economy, subsequently made,
has led to the correction of this error.

Mr. li. Templeton has found Theridionpaliens in Ireland.

196

THERIDIIim

Theridion stictum. PI. XIV, fig. 126.

Theridion stictum , Cambridge, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. vii,
p. 432.

Length of the female, |th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, Ath;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |>ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, prominent in the cephalic region, and strongly
marked with numerous punctures; the falces are small, conical, and vertical; the maxillse
are obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer side, and are greatly inclined towards
the lip, which is semicircular; the sternum is broad, heart-shaped, glossy, and strongly
punctated. These parts are of a very dark-brown colour, approaching to black. The legs are
short, slender, provided with hairs, and have a red hue; the first pair is the longest, then
the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two
superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The
palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a minute, curved claw at their extremity. The
eyes are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows; the four
intermediate ones form a square, those of the anterior pair, which are seated on a pro¬
tuberance, being rather the largest and darkest of the eight; the eyes of each lateral pair are
placed obliquely on a tubercle, and are contiguous. The abdomen is short, broad, thinly
clothed with hairs, glossy, very convex above, and projects greatly over the base of the
cephalo-thorax; it is of a yellow-brown colour, the medial line of the upper part and a fine
line curved round its anterior extremity being somewhat paler; the sides and a conspicuous
spot on each side of the upper part of the anterior extremity have a dark-brown hue, and a
broad, dark-brown band, comprising the spinners, which have a yellow-brown hue, extends
along the middle of the under part.

Immature females of this Theridion were captured by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, on
Bloxworth Heath, in the autumn of 1860.

Theridion inornatum. PI. XIV, fig. 127.

Theridion inornatum, Cambridge, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol.
vii, p. 433.

Length of the female, T ‘oth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, All 1 5
breadth of the abdomen, T ' 5 th; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The legs are moderately robust, and provided with hairs; the first pair is the longest,

THERIDION.

197

then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws;
the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base;
the palpi are short, and have a small, curved, pectinated claw at their extremity; the cephalo-
thorax is small, oval, convex, glossy, very prominent in the cephalic region, and has a slight
indentation in the medial line; the falces are short and vertical; and the maxillae are some¬
what pointed at the extremity and inclined towards the lip. These parts are of a yellow-red
colour, with the exception of the tibiae of the first and second pairs of legs, the extremity of
the tibiae of the fourth pair, and the narrow, lateral margins of the cephalo-thorax, which
have a dark-brown hue. The lip is semicircular, and the sternum is convex and heart-
shaped. These parts are of a brown colour, tinged with red. The eyes are disposed on the
anterior prominence of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows; the four intermediate ones
form a square, those of the anterior pair, which are seated on a strong protuberance, being
the largest and darkest of the eight; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a
small tubercle, and are contiguous. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, convex above, pro¬
jecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and is of a brown-black colour; the sexual
organs have a small, circular, reddish-brown orifice ; the branchial opercula are of a red-
brown hue; and that of the spinners is pale, yellow-brown. Some individuals have the
abdomen of a brown colour, slightly tinged w r ith yellow.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is smaller than the female, and the anterior
part of its cephalo-thorax is more prominent. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are
short, and the latter is somewhat produced at its extremity, towards the inner side; the
digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs,
which are highly developed and prominent; these organs and the joint with which they are
connected are of a red-brown colour.

Adult and immature males and females of this species were captured in the autumn of
1859 and the summer of 1860, in Portland, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge,

Theridion fuscum.

Theridion fuscum, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 626.

_ _ Blaekw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 445.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^nd, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

This spider is of a dark, reddish-brown colour, the abdomen being marked with obscure
spots of a deeper shade. The cephalo-thorax is glossy, compressed before, rounded on the
sides, which are marked with furrows, very convex immediately behind the eyes, depressed in
the posterior region, with a large indentation in the medial line. The four intermediate eyes
form a trapezoid, whose anterior side is much the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are
contiguous, and placed obliquely; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the

198

THERIDIIDiE.

anterior ones much the smallest of the eight. The falces are small, conical, armed with a few
teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-
shaped. The maxillae are obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer side, and inclined
towards the lip, which is semicircular. The legs are robust, and provided with hairs and a
few fine spines ; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi have a curved claw at their
extremity. The abdomen is subglobose, somewhat depressed, thinly clothed with hairs,
glossy, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax.

M. Walckenaer appears to regard Theridion fuscum as identical with Argus formivorus
( f Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt.,’ t. iv, p. 502), from which it differs in size, structure and
colour, presenting all the essential characters of a Theridion .

Females of this species may be found towards the close of the year on rails and under
stones, in pastures near Llanrwst.

Theridion auratum. PI. XIV, fig. 128.

Sigaloessa aurata, Templeton, MS. History of Irish Arachnida.

Length of an immature male, ^th of an inch.

The tumid but imperfectly developed digital joints of the palpi of the specimen here
described denote that it is a male which had not arrived at maturity. The cephalo-thorax is
obcordate, much carinated anteriorly, glossy, and of a chesnut-black colour; underneath it is
of a brownish-black hue. The abdomen is globular or ovate, and its colour is golden-yellow ,-
it is studded with short, stiff, dark-brown hairs, which are accumulated on the sides and in
the medial line of the upper part, giving in the latter the appearance of a broad, longitudinal,
brown fascia; underneath, a dark-brown fascia extends from the branchial opercula to the
spinners. The legs are taper, hairy, and, with the palpi and falces, of a chesnut-black
colour. A much paler variety of this species may sometimes be observed.

A few specimens of Theridion auratum have been taken at Cranmore.

Theridion hjematostigma. PI. XIV, fig. 129.

Sinamorus hamato stigma, Templeton, MS. History of Irish Arachnida,

The female of this small Theridion has the cephalo-thorax oval, and of a pale-brown
colour, edged by a faint, dark line; in the middle there is a line which is double anteriorly,
but single and much darker at the central thoracic point, whence dark lines extend to the
origins of the legs ; underneath it is glossy, and of a reddish or orange hue. The abdomen is
ovate, hairy, and of a dark-gray colour, approaching to black, on the upper part, especially

THERIDION.

199

at the base and apex; a broad, pale or white, central fascia extends its entire length, and
sends off from each side of its posterior half four or five abbreviated, transverse fascire; on
each side of the medial line, and included in the longitudinal fascia there is an impressed,
reddish dot, more or less strongly marked, but invariably present, and situated about one
third of the length of the abdomen from its base; the under part is of a grayish colour in the
centre, edged by a double black line, with a white interval. The legs are moderately long,
very hairy, and of a pale-brown or greenish hue. Some varieties have the abdomen much
darker, and the cephalo-thorax redder coloured.

This species is common in the dark walks at Cranmore.

Theridion albens. PI. XIV, fig. 130.

Theridion albens, Blackvv, Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 627.

__ _ Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 492.

__ . Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. vin,

p. 445.

Length of the female, T3 th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, yud, breadth, -; G th,
breadth of the abdomen, r ,'.md; length of an anterior leg, T ' 5 th; length of a leg of the third
pair, -njth.

The eyes are seated on black spots on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax; the four
intermediate ones form a square, and those constituting each lateral pair are contiguous, and
placed obliquely on a minute tubercle. The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed
before, rounded on the sides, and has a slight indentation in the medial line. Ihe falces are
small, conical, and vertical. The maxillm are slender, and inclined towards the lip, which is
triangular and pointed at the apex. The sternum is heart-shaped. The legs are provided
with hairs; the first pair is the longest, the fourth pair rather surpasses the second, and the
third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones
are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi have a
curved claw at their extremity. The abdomen is thinly clothed with hairs, very convex
above, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax. The general colour of this
spider is whitish, but a small, oblique oval, formed by a fine, black line, occurs near the
middle of the upper part of the abdomen, on each side of the medial line; the sexual organs
also are black, and an obscure band of a darkish hue extends along the middle of the cephalo-
thorax.

A female of this minute spider was discovered in July. 1837, among strawberry plants,
in the garden at Hendre House, near Llanrwst.

200

THERIDIIDjE.

Theridion guttatum. PI. XIV, fig. 131.

Theridion guttatum , Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 241, taf. 16, fig. 7.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 318.

Theridium — Kocli, Die Arachn., Bandviii, p. 81, tab. 275, figs. 651, 652.

Length of the female, -th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ~th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The abdomen is subglobular, somewhat pointed at the spinners, glossy, thinly clothed
with hairs, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a brown-black colour,
with a row of five pale-yellow spots in the medial line of the upper part, a row of three spots
of the same hue on each side, and the colour of the branchial opercula and spinners is brown.
The cephalo-thorax, sternum, and abdomen, are thickly marked with conspicuous punctures.
The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, and somewhat prominent in the cephalic region;
the falces are short, conical, and vertical; the maxillge are pointed at the extremity, and
greatly inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular; and the sternum is broad, convex,
and heart-shaped. These parts are of a very dark-brown colour. The eyes are disposed on
the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows; the four intermediate ones
nearly form a square, those of the posterior pair being rather wider apart than those of the
anterior pair, which are seated on a protuberance, and are the darkest of the eight; the eyes
of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, are rather the largest of the
eight, and are contiguous. The legs are slender, provided with hairs, and of a yellowish-red
colour, with dark-brown annuli, the annulus at the extremity of the tibia being the broadest
and darkest; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and
have a small, curved, slightly pectinated claw at their extremity.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax of the male
is more prominent, its legs are proportionally longer, and its abdomen is smaller, than those
of the female. The cubital, radial, and digital joints of its palpi have a brown hue; the
cubital joint is enlarged at its extremity; the radial joint is produced towards the outer side,
and overlaps the base of the digital joint, which is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs ; these organs are highly developed, complex in structure,
with a prominent, obtuse, light-coloured process near their extremity, on the inner side, at
the base of which, towards the outer side, there are two minute, curved, black spines, and
their colour is reddish-brown.

The Rev. O. P. Cambridge found adult and immature specimens of Theridion guttatum
at Hursley, near Winchester, and at Bloxworth, in the summer of 1860.

THERIDION.

201

Theridion flavo-maculatum. PI. XIV, fig. 132.

Theridion flavo-maculatum, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series,
vol. xi, p. 118.

Micryphantes flavo-maculatus, Koch, Die Arachn., Band iii, p. 67, tab. 95, fig. 220.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 7 ' 5 th, breadth, f 7 th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, jth; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The legs are short, moderately hairy, and of a light, reddish-brown colour, with the
exception of the tarsi, which have a dark-brown tint; the fourth pair is the longest, the first
pair slightly surpasses the second, and the third pair is rather the shortest; the two superior
tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The
cephalo-thorax has a short oval form; it is convex, glossy, prominent in front, and has an
indentation in the medial line; the falces are small, conical, and vertical; the maxillae are
gibbous at the base, and greatly inclined towards the lip, which is short and semicircular;
the sternum is heart-shaped and glossy. These parts are of a reddish-brown colour, the
margins of the cephalo-thorax and sternum being blackish. The four intermediate eyes form
a square nearly, the two anterior ones, which are rather wider apart than the posterior ones,
and the largest of the eight, being seated on a brownish-black protuberance; the eyes con¬
stituting each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are almost contiguous.
The palpi have a browner tint than the legs, and the colour of the radial and digital joints is
dark-brown; the radial joint is short, broad, and projects upwards from its base, on the
outer side, a pointed process which is in close contact with the extremity of the cubital
joint; the digital joint is somewhat oval, but slightly curved and pointed at the end; it is
convex and hairy externally, concave within, and comprises the palpal organs, which are highly
developed, with three short processes at their extremity, and are of a dark, reddish-brown
colour. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, sparingly supplied with hairs, convex above, and
projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a brownish-black hue, marked with pale,
reddish-brown spots and streaks on the upper part, those in the medial line, and on each side
of it, being the most conspicuous; the colour of the branchial opercula is brownish-yellow,
and a line of the same hue extends from them nearly to the spinners.

An adult male Theridion flavo-maculatum, , which hitherto appears to have escaped the
observation of arachnologists, was found running on a foot-path in a wood near Oakland, in
May, 1852, and from it the foregoing description was made. The female of this species,
previously described and figured by M. Koch under the name of Micryphantes flavo-maculatus ,
judging from the smallness of its size, was probably an immature individual; its colours,
though not so intense, bear a close resemblance to those of the male in their distribution.
A minute examination of the essential characters of this spider has led to its removal from
the genus Micryphantes to that of Theridion.

In confirmation of the opinion that the female Theridion flavo-maculatum described by

202

THERIDIIML

M. Koch was immature, the measurement of an adult female, discovered under a stone in a
wood at Oakland, on the 14th of August, 1855, is subjoined. Length, |ths of an inch;
length of the cephalo-thorax, £tb, breadth, yh ; breadth of the abdomen, r \th ; length of a
posterior leg, &ths; length of a leg of the third pair, Aths. The length of M. Koch ’s specimen
was only one line.

Theridion angulatum. PI. XIV, fig. 133.

Theridion angulation, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii,
p. 483.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 445.

Length ot the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, f B th, breadth, And;
breadth of the abdomen, £th; length of an anterior leg, fth; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The abdomen, which is deeply notched in front, and projects over the base of the
cephalo-thorax, has an angular appearance, occasioned by two bold, lateral prominences,
situated on its upper part, nearer to the posterior than to the anterior extremity; the space
before the lateral prominences is of a deep, red-brown colour, the margins being the darkest,
and on each side ol the medial line there are two minute, yellowish-white spots, forming a
long, narrow, quadrilateral figure; the posterior part has a pale, red-brown tint, and a trans¬
verse, yellow line connects the lateral prominences, from which two obscure, angular bands
converge to the spinners; the whole of the upper part has an irregular border of yellowish-
white, minutely freckled with red-brown; the sides and under part are of a dark, red-brown
colour, with streaks and small spots of a lighter shade; and the branchial opercula have a
yellow tint. The cephalo-thorax is convex, slightly hairy, compressed and prominent before,
rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial line; its colour is pale, yellowish-
brown; on each side there is a longitudinal, red-brown band, another of the same hue
extends along the middle, and the margins have a yellowish-white tint. The eyes are seated
on black spots ; the four intermediate ones nearly form a square, the two anterior ones being
placed on a protuberance; those constituting each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a
tubercle, and are almost contiguous. The falces are moderately strong, conical, vertical, and
of a red-brown colour, with a spot of a darker hue near the base, in front. The maxillae are
enlarged where the palpi are inserted, obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer side,
and inclined towards the lip, which is nearly semicircular, being somewhat pointed at the
apex. These organs, with the palpi, which are short, and have a pectinated, curved claw at
their extremity, are of a red-brown hue. The sternum, which is oblong heart-shaped, has a
dark, red-brown tint. The legs are of a yellowish-brown colour, with red-brown annuli; the
first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; the legs of the
second and third pairs are shorter, as compared with those of the first and fourth pairs, than

THERIDION.

203

is customary with the spiders of this genus ; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two
superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its insertion.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female; its legs, which are slender,
are longer than hers, and its abdomen is without lateral protuberances on the upper part.
The humeral joint of its palpi is long; the cubital and radial joints are short, the latter being
the stronger; and the digital joint, which has an oblong-oval form and red-brown hue, is
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are
highly developed, vascular, complicated in structure, with a black spine curved from the
outer to the inner side, round their base, several curved, pointed, black processes at their
extremity, extending a little beyond the end of the joint, and are of a pale, brownish-red
colour.

A specimen of this remarkable species was detected in a cleft of a rail at Oakland, in
April, 1835. It was a female, and, like Tetragnatha extensa , frequently extended the first and
second pairs of legs forwards, and the fourth pair backwards, in a line with the body.

In the summer of 1860, the Rev. O. P. Cambridge took both sexes of Theridion angulatum,
in a state of maturity, at Hursley, near Winchester. The female was much paler, as may be
seen by inspecting the figure, than the one described above, which was immature, but there
is no reason for doubting their specific identity. This spider has various striking charac¬
teristics in common with the Episinus truncatus of Walckenaer ( £ Plist. Nat. des Insect. Apt.,’
tom. ii, p. 375, pi. 21, fig. 1 d; and tom. iv, p. 515), but there does not appear to be any
necessity for removing it from the genus Theridion.

Theridion variegatum. PI. XIV, fig. 134.

Theridion variegatum , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 332.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist,, second series, vol. viii,

p. 446.

— thoracicum, "Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 218, taf. 14, fig. 11.

— callens , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 627.

Ero variegata , Koch, TJebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Ileft, p. 8.

Length of the female, gth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 7 \th, breadth, 4 f th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, Rh; length of a leg of the third
pair, ith.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, glossy, and very convex, but it slopes abruptly in the
posterior region, where there is an indentation in the medial line; a row of fine, curved
bristles, which are directed forwards, extends along the middle, and its colour is pale,
yellowish-brown, the lateral margins, a triangular spot in the centre, which projects a line
from the middle of its base to the eyes, and has a narrow triangle at its apex, whose base
terminates at the medial indentation, together with a small triangular spot immediately behind
each lateral pair of eyes, being black. The eyes are seated on black spots; the four inter¬
mediate ones form a square, the two anterior ones being placed on a protuberance, and the

204

THERIDIIDriE.

eyes of each lateral pair are seated on a small tubercle, and are contiguous. The falces are
powerful, conical, armed with a few minute teeth on the inner surface, rather inclined towards
the sternum, and of a dark-brown hue. The maxillae have a red-brown tint, with a dark-
brown mark on the outer side; they are pointed at the extremity, and encompass the lip,
which is triangular, black at the base, and of a red-brown hue at the apex. The sternum is
oblong heart-shaped, of a pale, red-brown colour, and has irregular, brownish-black marks on
the margins. The legs are long and slender, with a row of curved spines on the anterior side
of the tibial, metatarsal, and tarsal joints of the first and second pairs, those on the meta¬
tarsal joint being much the longest; both the legs and palpi have a pale, yellowish-brown
tint, and are marked with numerous dark-brown annuli. The first pair of legs is the longest,
then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws;
the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its
base. The palpi have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The abdomen is very
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with long,
coarse hairs, and is variegated with black, red, and white; on the upper part, rather nearer to
the anterior than to the posterior extremity, there are two tubercles, which are black in front,
and of a pale, yellowish-white hue behind; the prevailing tint of the part before the tubercles
is black, and of that behind them, which comprises two transverse, black streaks, connected
in the middle, red; the sexual organs have a reddish-brown hue; a small process connected
with their anterior margin is directed backwards, and on each side of its extremity there is a
minute, glossy convexity of a deeper shade; the colour of the branchial opercula is yellow.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is smaller than the female. Its palpi have
a yellowdsh hue, that of the digital joint and palpal organs being brownish; the radial joint is
much longer than the cubital, and somewhat spindle-shaped; the digital joint is oval, promi¬
nent, and rather pointed at the base, broader at the extremity, convex and hairy externally,
concave within, comprising the palpal organs, 'which are moderately developed, complicated in
structure, with a bold, bilobed process in contact with the prominent base of the joint, a
black, filiform spine curved round their inner side, and two curved, pointed, prominent pro¬
cesses at their extremity.

In the fourth volume of his £ Hist. Nat. des Insect Apt., 5 p. 496, M. Walckenaer has very
properly added the name Theridion callens, conferred on a small spider described in the
£ Transactions of the Linnean Society, 5 and the Ero variegata of M. Koch to the synonyma of
Theridion variegatum.

This species occurs among grass growing in and near wrnods, in the west of Denbighshire,
and in Yorkshire; and Mr. J. Hardy has taken it in Berwickshire. The female fabricates a
very remarkable balloon-shaped cocoon, about one eighth of an inch in diameter, which is com¬
posed of soft silk, of a loose texture and pale-brown colour, inclosed in an irregular network of
coarse, dark, red-brown filaments; several of the lines composing this network unite near the
smaller extremity of the cocoon, leaving intervals there through which the young pass when they
quit it, and being cemented together throughout the remainder of their extent, form a slender
stem, varying from one tenth to half an inch in length, by which the cocoon is attached to the
surface of stones and fragments of rock, resembling in figure and position some of the minute
plants belonging to the class Crgptogamia. The eggs are large, considering the small size of
the spider, from five to eight in number, not agglutinated together, and of a brown colour.

THERIDION.

205

Theridion signatum. PI. XIV, fig. 135.

Theridion signatum, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 333.

— — Blackvr., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 124.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 446.

— quadrisignatum, Hahn, Die Arachn., Band i, p. 80, tab. 20, fig. 60 (mis-

numbered 59 in the plate).

Drassus phalei'atus, Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl., 1831, p. 133.

Asagena phalerata, Sund., Consp. Arachn., pp. 19, 20.

— serratipes, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 13.

— .— Koch, Die Arachn., Band vi, p. 98, tab. 204, figs. 502, 503.

Length of the male, #hs of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, „th, breadth, T \th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, -^ths: length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The legs are robust, and have two rows of short, pointed spines on the under side of the
femora and tibise of the first and second pairs, and the femora of the third and fourth pairs;
the anterior and posterior pairs are the longest, and are equal in length, and the third pair is
the shortest; they have a red-brown hue, with the exception of the coxae, the whole of the
tibiae, and the extremities of the femora of the first pair, and the extremities of the femora and
tibiae of the other three pairs, which have a dark-brown tint; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The cephalo-thorax is large, oval, convex, rough, like shagreen, with an inden¬
tation in the medial line, and some short spines on the lateral margins; the falces are powerful,
united at the base, and armed with a short, strong fang at their extremity; the maxillae are
enlarged where the palpi are inserted, obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer side,
and inclined towards the lip, which is triangular and pointed at the apex; the sternum is heart-
shaped, and rough, like the cephalo-thorax. These parts are of a dark-brown colour. The four
intermediate eyes form a quadrangle, the anterior pair being seated on a protuberance; those
of each lateral pair are placed on a tubercle, and are contiguous. The palpi are of a dark-brown
colour, with the exception of the radial and digital joints, which have a brownish-black tint;
these joints are anchylosed, so that they appear to constitute one large, oval joint, which is
convex and hairy externally, and concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs
are highly developed, complicated in structure, provided with several strong, corneous pro¬
cesses, and are of a dark-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed with
hairs, convex above, projecting a little over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a brownish-
black hue, with a curved, transverse line in front, an oblong spot above the spinners, and one
on each side, of a bright-yellow colour; at its anterior extremity, where the cephalo-thorax is
connected with it,‘there is a ridge produced by a fold of the integument, on which are disposed
minute tubercles, each having a fine hair at its summit.

206

THERIDIlDx'E.

The sexes resemble each other in the design formed by the yellow marks on the
abdomen, but the female is rather larger than the male, and is without strong spines on
the legs.

Some difference of opinion has existed among arachnologists as to the position this
spider should occupy in a systematic arrangement of the Araneidca; but there does not appear
to be any sufficient reason for removing it from the Theridia, to which it seems to be most
nearly allied by its organization.

In Denbighshire, this species is found among heath, but it is of rare occurrence. The
radial and digital joints of the palpi are so closely connected in the male, as scarcety to
present any perceptible trace of their union; in short, as they appear to be incapable of
separate motion, there seems to be an impropriety in regarding them as distinct joints.

Theridion filipes. PI. XIV, fig. 136.

Theridion filipes, Blackw., London and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii,
p. 484.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 447.

Linyphia concolor, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 267, taf. 18, fig. 3.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 270.

Length of the female, gth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ~th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, -Mhs; length of a leg of the third
pair, |jths.

The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid, whose anterior side is the shortest, and those
constituting each lateral pair are seated on a small tubercle, and are contiguous ; the pos¬
terior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones much the smallest of the
eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line;
the falces are powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, rather divergent at the
extremity, and inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are enlarged
at the base, where the palpi are inserted, obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer
side, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the legs
and palpi are long, slender, and provided with hairs and some fine erect spines. These parts
have a brown colour, the falces and maxillae being tinged with red. The first pair of legs is
the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by
three claw r s; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the inferior one is
inflected near its base. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, and projects over the base
of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brown-black colour,
tinged with olive; a long, slender, cylindrical, semitransparent process, directed backwards,
is connected with the sexual organs; and the colour of the branchial opercula is dark-brown.
Some individuals have a series of obscure, pale, angular lines, whose vertices are directed
forwards, extending along the middle of the upper part of the abdomen.

PHOLCUS.

207

The male is rather smaller and darker coloured than the female. The cubital and radial
joints of its palpi are short; the latter, which is the stronger, is prominent on the inner side
and in front, several long bristles being connected with the frontal prominence; the digital
joint is of a long, irregular oval form, having a projection on the outer side, and two
smaller ones on the upper part, near its articulation with the radial joint; it is convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,
complicated in structure, and of a red-brown colour ; a strong, corneous spine, enveloped in
a delicate, transparent membrane, originates in the superior part of these organs, and, bending
downwards, extends along their inner side a little beyond the termination of the digital joint,
its extremity being curved outwards.

Theridion fdipes is allied to the spiders belonging to the genus Neriene by the disposition
and relative size of its eyes, and to those of the genus Linyphia by the length and delicacy of
its limbs ; but the structure of its maxillm and the relative length of its legs have caused it to
be classed with the Theridia. It occurs under stones in woods in Denbighshire, Lancashire,
and Berwickshire.

An adult female of this species, captured in March, 1835, presented an anomaly in
organization very unusual in this order of animals; it had a supernumerary eye situated
between the two small ones constituting the anterior pair of the trapezoid.

M. Walckenaer has inadvertently placed the Linyphia concolor of M. Wider, which is
identical witli Theridion Jilipes , among the synonyma of Argus graminicolis , having previously
described it as a distinct species under the name conferred upon it by M. Wider << Hist. Nat.
des Insect. Apt.,’ t. ii, pp. 270, 351).

Genus PHOLCUS {Walch).

Eyes seated on an anterior prominence of the cephalo-thorax; three, closely grouped on
each side, form a compact triangle, and the other two, placed transversely between the
triangles, are the smallest of the eight.

Maxilla long, narrow, tapering from the dilated base to the extremity, and inclined
towards the lip.

Lip large, contracted at the base, dilated in the middle, and rounded at the apex.

Legs very long and slender; the first pair is the longest, then the second or fourth, and
the third pair is the shortest.

28

208

THERIDIIMS.

PHOLCUS PHALANGIOIDES. PI. XV, fig. 137.

Pholcus phalangioides, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. i, p. 652.

—- — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 99.

— — Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 34, tab. 50, fig. 119.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 20.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 125.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. History, second series,

vol. viii, p. 447.

— opilionoides, Koch, Die Arachn., Band iv, p. 95, tab. 135, fig. 311.

Length of the female, jrd of an inch; length of the cephaloThorax, Ath, breadth, T 'oth;
breadth of the abdomen, ’th; length of an anterior leg, 2Ath; length of a leg of the third
pair, l~th.

The cephalo-thorax is circular, slightly convex, glossy, with some long hairs in the
medial line, but without the customary indentation; the anterior part, on which the eyes aie
situated, is prominent, and the space between those organs and the falces is broad and
vertical; it is of a pale yellowish-brown colour, a brown band, the posterior part of which is
the broadest, extending along the middle. The eyes are seated on black spots, the two
placed transversely between those constituting the lateral triangles being much the smallest
of the eight. The falces are small, vertical, united at the base, somewhat cuneiform, and
armed w T ith a short, slightly curved fang, and a single, strong tooth on the inner side, at the
extremity; the maxillae are enlarged at the base, where the palpi are inserted, and inclined
towards the lip, which is short, broad, contracted at the base, dilated in the middle, and
rounded at the apex; the sternum is heart-shaped. These parts are of a yellowish-brown
colour, the falces and maxillae being darkest at their extremities. The legs are very long and
slender, and are provided with short, fine hairs; they have a pale-brown hue, the colour of
the extremities of the femora and tibiae being light yellowish-brown, and that of the genual
joint dark-brown; the first pair is the longest, then the second, which a little surpasses the
fourth pair, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the
two superior ones are curved and deeply pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its
base. The palpi are short, and have a yellowish-brown tint. The abdomen is somewhat
cylindrical, being rather larger at the posterior than at the anterior extremity; it is soft,
thinly clothed with hairs, and of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with an irregular band of a
darker hue extending along the middle of the upper part, and some obscure, dark spots on
the sides; the spinners are of a yellowish-brown colour marked with dark-brown, and are
situated under the extremity of the abdomen; the sexual organs have a red-brown tint; they
are prominent, and have a small, cylindrical process in connexion with them, which is directed
backwards.

The male greatly resembles the female, but its abdomen is slenderer, and the dark,
longitudinal band on the upper part is less perfectly defined. Its falces have a small, dark,
conical process near their extremity, in front, at the base of which, on the inner side, there

PHOLCUS.

209

is a slender, pointed projection; and another small, conical process, of a lighter colour,
occurs at their base, towards the outer side. The axillary joint of the palpi has a large
apophysis underneath, projecting from it at right angles, on the base of which there is a
pointed protuberance; the humeral joint is gibbous on the under side ; the radial joint is
greatly dilated, and is much larger than the cubital joint; the digital joint is small, nearly
circular, convex and hairy externally, and slightly concave on the under side, with which
concavity the palpal organs are connected; they are very highly developed and complicated
in structure, consisting of two parts ; one, directed downwards, has a bold protuberance
underneath, and is enlarged, but depressed, at its extremity, which is provided with several
small points; it is of a red-brown colour, the outer side, which is fringed with long hairs,
being the palest; the other part, situated near the insertion of the former, is attached to the
digital joint by a dark, protuberant base; it is greatly dilated, nearly globular, of a pale
flesh-colour, bisected by a fine red line, and projects upwards a strong, curved, compressed
process, slightly serrated on its outer edge, and having two prominences at its base, one on
the outside of the curve and the other within it, the extremity of the latter being bent
backwards ; the colour of this part and its appendages is dark reddish-brown, and behind
them there is a pale, membraneous process, directed upwards, whose extremity appears
between the strong, curved process and the prominence at its base, on the inner side.

In the month of June, the female of this species deposits her eggs in a globular cocoon of
a very slight texture, which she carries with her wherever she moves, holding it with the falces.
Adult and immature individuals of both sexes have been received from Barmouth, in
Merionethshire, from Liverpool, and from the Isle of Wight.

The spider referred to by Mr. Jesse in his f Scenes and Tales of Country Life,’ pp. 202,
203, as remarkable for the rapidity of its vibratory motions when disturbed, most probably is
Pholcus phalangioides , which frequents ancient buildings in the south of England, and like
Epeira diadema, Theridion quadripundatum , and some other species, has the habit of violently
agitating itself when anything suddenly touches its lines. That this vibratory motion,
which in the case of Pholcus phalangioides appears to acquire its maximum velocity, is pro¬
duced by the partial contraction and extension of the joints of the legs in quick succession,
may be ascertained by occasioning specimens of Epeira diadema to continue the action till it
becomes so slow, in consequence of the fatigue experienced by the animals, that there is no
difficulty in determining the manner in which it is effected. This singular proceeding is
evidently intended by the spider to communicate motion to its snare, and thus to cause the
struggles of any insect entangled in it, by which means it is directed with certainty to its
victim.

Family LINYPIillDiE.

The spiders included in this family, though distributed over a large part of the earth’s
surface, appear to be most abundant in temperate climates. Their falces are articulated
vertically or on an inclined plane, and they have three pairs of spinners and two branchial
opercula connected with the abdomen. Different species exhibit much diversity in the
absolute and relative dimensions of their legs, and the tarsi are terminated by three claws.

The situations most commonly frequented by the Linyphiidm are the branches and foliage
of trees and shrubs, rank herbage, crevices in rocks and walls, overhanging banks, the under
side of stones, and the inside of buildings. For the capture of their prey they fabricate a
fine sheet of w T eb, varying greatly in extent, on the inferior surface of which they take their
station in an inverted position. Connected with adjacent objects by its margin, the web, in
many instances, is further supported by fine lines intersecting one another at various
angles, and having their extremities attached to its surface and to objects situated above and
below it.

Genus LINYPHIA (Latr.).

Eyes disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows ; the four
intermediate ones describe a trapezoid whose shortest side is before, and those of each lateral
pair are near to each other.

Maccillce straight, or slightly inclined towards the lip, and somewhat quadrate.

Lip semicircular, or nearly triangular.

Leys long and slender; the first pair is the longest, then the second or fourth, and the
third pair is the shortest.

LINYPHIA.

211

LlNYPHIA MONTANA. PL XV, fig. 138.

Linyphia montana, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 233, pi. 16, fig. 4.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 10.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 113, tab. 422, figs. 1038, 1039.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 448.

— triangularis, Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 100.

— — Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl., 1829, p. 215.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |; length of a leg of the third
pair, Jfths.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose
anterior side is much the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a
small tubercle, and are almost contiguous; the posterior*eyes of the trapezoid are much the
largest, and the anterior ones are the smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval,
convex, glossy, with a large indentation in the medial line; its colour is yellowish-brown,
with a narrow, brownish-black band, bifid before, extending along the middle, and a brown
one on each side, parallel to the lateral margins. The falces are powerful, conical, rather
divergent at the extremity, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the
sternum, which is heart-shaped, and provided with some long, thinly scattered, black hairs.
The maxillae are strong, very convex underneath, and somewhat quadrate, having the exterior
angle, at the extremity, curvilinear. The lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex.
The falces and maxillae are of a reddish-brown colour, the former being the redder, and the
sternum and lip are of a very dark-brown hue, approaching to black. The legs and palpi
are long, slender, provided with hairs and fine, erect spines, and of a yellowish-brown
colour, with the exception of the thighs, which have a tinge of green. Each tarsus is
terminated by three claws, the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The palpi have at their extremity a long, slightly curved claw,
minutely dentated about a third of its length from the base. The abdomen is oviform,
somewhat compressed, very convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it
is thinly covered with hairs, glossy, and has a broad, dentated, dark-brown band, obscurely
spotted with white, extending along the middle of the upper part, the posterior extremity of
which is the darkest and is crossed, near the spinners, by a whitish, semicircular line, whose
convexity is directed forwards; on each side of the medial band there is an irregular,
longitudinal, white band; the sides have a dark-brown tint, and are marked with two white
lines; the anterior one is horizontal, the posterior one, which is nearly vertical, meeting its
extremity, and forming with it a right angle nearly; the under part is of a very dark-brown
hue; the sexual organs are prominent, and have a small, oval process connected with their
posterior margin; and the colour of the branchial opercula is dark-brown.

212

LINYPHIID.E.

The abdomen of the male is nearly cylindrical, and is less distinctly marked than that of
the female. The falces are very long, widely divergent at the extremity, which is armed
with a long, slightly curved fang, and have a small, obtuse prominence close to the base, in
front; they, with the cephalo-thorax, legs, maxillae, sternum, and abdomen, have a reddish-
brown tint, the abdomen being the darkest. The cubital and radial joints of the palpi are
short, the latter being rather the stronger; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are moderately developed,
complicated in structure, with a fine spine at their extremity, curved in a spiral form, and
enveloped in membrane; they are of a reddish-brown colour. The convex sides of the
digital joints are directed towards each other.

This very common spider is frequently mistaken for Linyphia triangularis , but may
readily be distinguished from that species by its figure, by the relative size and disposition
of its eyes, and by the design formed by the colours of its cephalo-thorax and abdomen; it
constructs in hedges, bushes, and rank herbage, an extensive horizontal sheet of web of a
fine texture, on the inferior surface of which it takes its station in an inverted position and
watches for its prey. Connected with the web and with objects situated above and below it,
are numerous fine lines intersecting one another at various angles; those on the upper side
are the most extensive, and not only serve to support the web, but also to precipitate such
insects as strike against them with their wings upon the horizontal sheet, where they arc
quickly seized by the vigilant and active occupant.

Inhabits Scotland and Ireland.

Linypiiia triangularis. PI. XV, fig. 139.

Linyphia triangularis, Walek., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 240.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 449.

— marginata, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 253, taf. 17, fig. 5.

— — Koch, Die Araclm., Band xii, p. 118, tab. 423, figs. 1041, 1042.

Length of the female, jth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, /.th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, 1; length of a leg of the third
pair, /Ahs.

The cephalo-thorax is moderately convex, glossy, elevated and slightly compressed
before, rounded on the sides, which have raised margins, and has an indentation in the
medial line; its colour is brown, the lateral margins having a yellowish-white hue. The
falces are conical, vertical, armed with a few teeth on the inner suface, and have a brown
tint, which is darkest in front. The maxillae are straight, and the exterior angle, at their
extremity, is curvilinear; the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex ; and the sternum
is heart-shaped. These parts are black. The eyes are seated on black spots; the four
intermediate ones describe a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each

LINYPHIA.

213

lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are contiguous; the two posterior
eyes of the trapezoid are the largest of the eight, and the two anterior ones, which are seated
on a slight protuberance, are the smallest and darkest. The legs are long, slender, provided
with hairs and a few spines, and of a yellowish-brown colour, the thighs having a tinge of
green; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and
slightly pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the
legs in colour, and have a slightly curved claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform,
moderately convex above, thinly clothed with hairs, and projects a little over the base of the
cephalo-thorax; the posterior is broader than the anterior part and curves abruptly to the
spinners; along the middle of the upper part there extends a broad, black, slightly festooned
band, which comprises, in its anterior part, a row of yellowish-white spots on each side of
the medial line; this band is bounded laterally by an irregular one of a yellowish-white tint,
from which two or three streaks of the same hue pass downwards on the sides of the posterior
part, and a slightly curved, yellowish-white streak occurs on each side, near its anterior
extremity; the black medial band is almost intersected near the summit of the posterior
declivity by two transverse, oblong, yellowish-white spots which nearly meet, and between
them and the spinners there are two parallel spots of the same hue; the under part is black,
with a longitudinal row of yellowish-white spots on each side; the superior margin of the
sexual organs, which are very prominent, is curvilinear, and a small, obtuse process, con¬
nected with their inferior margin, is directed backwards; the colour of the branchial opercula
is pale yellowish-brown.

The male is slenderer, darker coloured, and less distinctly marked than the female; its
legs have a yellowish-brown hue, without any tinge of green, and the digital joint of its palpi,
and the palpal organs, which are highly developed and complicated in structure, are of a
brownish-black colour.

Linyphia triangularis occurs in the south-eastern counties of England, but does not
appear to have been met with in the northern counties, nor in Wales.

Linyphia marginata. PI. XV, fig. 140.

Linyphia marginata , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. Ill,
p. 346.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 394.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 449.

— montana, Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1829, p. 217.

— resupina , Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 252, taf. 17, fig. 4.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 242.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 109, tab. 421, figs. 1035, 1036.

Titulus 19, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 64, tab. 1, fig. 19.

Length of the female, 4th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, loth, breadth, T ‘ 3 th ;

214

LINYPHIIDiE.

breadth of the abdomen, Jth; length of an anterior leg, | 6 ths; length of a leg of tne third
pair, T 3 6 ths.

The legs are long, slender, provided with numerous fine, erect spines, and of a yellowish-
brown colour, with brownish-black annuli; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the
two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base,
which is furnished with one or two very small teeth. The palpi resemble the legs in colour,
and have at their extremity a slightly curved claw, minutely dentated about a third of its
length from the base. The cephalo-thorax is oval, glossy, prominent before, and depressed
on the sides, which are marked with slight furrows converging towards a large indentation in
the medial line; the falces are strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and
inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped; the maxillge are somewhat quadrate,
having the exterior angle at the extremity curvilinear; the lip is short, semicircular, and
prominent at the apex. These parts have a very dark-brown tint, the sternum, which is the
darkest, being almost black. The four intermediate eyes describe a trapezoid whose anterior
side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are seated on a small tubercle, and are
almost contiguous ; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones
the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed with short hairs,
convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a
brownish-black colour, bordered by a broad, irregular, brown band which passes above the
spinners, but whose continuity is interrupted in front by a black bar intersecting it at right
angles; this band is very thickly spotted with white anteriorly, the white spots on the pos¬
terior part being fewer, smaller, and intermixed with some blackish ones; an indistinct series
of curved, angular lines, of a brown colour, having their convex sides towards each other
and their vertices directed forwards, extends along the middle, and above the spinners there
are several small, yellowish-white spots; the sides are of a brown colour, minutely spotted
w ith white, and a curved, brownish-black band extends from the anterior part of each nearly
half way towards the spinners; the under part has a dark-brown hue, with four minute,
yellowish-white, compound spots, forming a large quadrangle; the sexual organs, which are
prominent and cylindrical, have a brownish-black tint; and the colour of the branchial
opercula is brown.

The male is slenderer and darker coloured than the female, and has one tooth on the
inner surface of each falx much larger than the rest. The cubital and radial joints of its
palpi are short, the latter, which is much the stronger, being produced at its extremity, on
the inner side, and fringed with long bristles on the outer side of the upper part; the digital
joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs,
which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a strong, prominent, curved,
scale-like process on the inner side, which ends in a point directed obliquely downwards and
outwards, and a spiral spine at their extremity, terminated by a delicate, fringed membrane;
at the base of the spiral spine, on its outer side, there is an expanded, projecting, transparent
membrane, slightly fringed at its margin; the colour of these organs is dark reddish-brown.

In its habits and economy this species resembles Linyphia montana, fabricating in low*
bushes or among coarse herbage an extensive snare, similar in design to the toils constructed
by the Linyphia generally. It pairs in May, and in June the female spins one or two len-

LINYPHIA.

215

ticular cocoons of white silk of a loose texture, which are attached to withered leaves, or
other objects situated near the snare ; the larger of these cocoons measures half an inch in
diameter, and contains about 140 spherical eggs of a pale-yellow colour, not agglutinated
together.

Inhabits Scotland and Ireland.

Linyphia pratensis. PL XV, fig. 141.

Linyphia pratensis, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 258, taf. 17, fig. 8.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 250.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 121, tab. 423, fig. 1043.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 449.

— sylvatica, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 659.

Length of the female, ±th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, T ' 5 th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, iths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and fine, erect spines, and are of a
yellowish-brown colour, occasionally tinged with green; each tarsus is terminated by three
claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near
its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a slightly curved claw at their
extremity. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides con¬
verging towards a large indentation in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, convex
in front, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum,
which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are strong and somewhat quadrate, having the exterior
angle, at the extremity, curvilinear; and the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex.
These parts are of a very dark-brown colour, the cephalo-thorax being the palest. The four
intermediate eyes describe a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each
lateral pair are seated on a small tubercle, and are contiguous, or nearly so; the posterior
eyes of the trapezoid are the largest of the eight. The abdomen is thinly clothed with hairs,
glossy, very convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; a broad, longi¬
tudinal, dentated, dark-brown band, bordered with yellowish-white, occupies the middle of
the upper part; the sides have a dark-brown hue, a large, irregular, yellowish-white band
extending along each, and uniting above the spinners; and the colour of the under part and
the branchial opercula is dark-brown, the latter having a tinge of red; the sexual organs
have two large, external orifices, and a small, oval process connected with their inferior
margin.

The male bears little resemblance to the female. Its figure is much slighter, and its
falces, which are very powerful, have a small, obtuse prominence at the base, numerous
minute tubercles in front and on the outer side, and are armed with a large tooth and several

29

216

linyphihxe.

smaller ones on the inner surface. The maxillae are somewhat inclined towards the lip. The
legs have a yellowish-red hue, the haunches and thighs being the reddest. The radial joint
of the palpi is larger than the cubital, is somewhat produced at its extremity, in front,
and has some long, slender bristles on the outer side; the digital joint is of an elongated oval
form, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are
highly developed, complicated in structure, with a pointed, corneous process directed
obliquely downwards and outwards, and a spiral spine, enveloped in membrane, at their
extremity; their colour is dark reddish-brown. The abdomen is nearly cylindrical, projecting
a little over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is glossy, and of a dark-brown hue, with an
irregular, white spot on each side of its anterior extremity.

Since the publication of the description of this spider, under the specific name of
sylvatica, in the eighteenth volume of the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society,’ the
suspicion of its identity with the Linyphia pratensis of M. Wider, there expressed, has been
converted into absolute certainty by consulting M. Reuss’s memoir entitled “ Arachniden/’
contained in the first volume of the ‘ Museum Senckenbergianumconsequently, the appel¬
lation sylvatica must rank as a synonym. It will be seen that this opinion has been adopted
by M. Walckenaer, on referring to his ‘Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt./ tom. iv, p. 499.

This species is common in England and Wales, and in the spring of 1849 an immature
male, which had to undergo its final change of integument, -was received from Mr. J.
Hardy, who captured it in Berwickshire. Its snare is usually constructed among rank
herbage growing in and near woods, and it pairs in May and June.

Linyphia fuliginea. PI. XV, fig. 142.

Linyphia fuliginea , Blaekw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii,
p. 349.

— — Blaekw., Research, in Zook, p. 401.

— — Blaekw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 450.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

This spider, though very similar to Linyphia pratensis, is quite distinct from that species.
Its cephalo-thorax is compressed before, rounded on the sides, convex, glossy, with a large
indentation in the medial line; the falces are long, powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the
inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are
strong, straight, convex underneath, with the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvilinear; the
lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a very dark-brown colour,
approaching to black, the cephalo-thorax being the palest. The four intermediate eyes form
a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the

LINYPHIA.

217

largest, and the anterior ones the smallest of the eight. The legs are long, slender, provided
with hairs and erect spines, and of a yellowish-brown hue faintly tinged with green; each
tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and
the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a
slightly curved claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs,
glossy, very convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; along the middle
of the upper part there extends an obscurely dentated, dark-brown band, bordered with white,
and encompassed by a dark-brown band, below which, and surrounding the whole, is a white
band, whose continuity is more or less interrupted; all below the last-named band, including
the branchial opercula, is of a dark-brown hue, approaching to black; the external orifices of
the sexual organs are exceedingly minute, and a small, semicircular process is connected with
their inferior margin.

The sexes differ from each other in various particulars. The male is smaller and slen¬
derer than the female, its cephalo-thorax is longer, its maxillae are somewhat enlarged at the
extremity, and its legs have a light red-brown tint. The palpi resemble the legs in colour,
with the exception of the radial and digital joints, which have a brownish-black hue; the
cubital and radial joints are short, the latter being much the stronger, particularly at its
extremity; the digital joint is of an oblong-oval form, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure,
with a process directed upwards, which extends beyond the base of the joint, and a long,
filiform, prominent spine enveloped in a delicate membrane, and curved upwards and some¬
what outwards in a circular form; their colour is brownish-black tinged with red. The
convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other. The abdomen is nearly
cylindrical, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue, with a white spot on each side of its anterior
extremity.

Linyphia fidiginea is found in various parts of North Wales and Lancashire; it pairs in
June, and constructs a snare of moderate dimensions among the grass of meadows and
pastures. The male closely resembles the male of Linyphia pratensis, but may be distin¬
guished from it by its inferior size, and by the structure of its palpal organs.

Linyphia rubea. PI. XV, fig. 143.

Linyphia rubea , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 661.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. viii,

p. 450.

Length of the female, Jjths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^st;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ?th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ith.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, slightly compressed before, convex, glossy, with a large
indentation in the medial line ; it is of a yellowish-brown colour, with the exception of the
anterior part, which has a dark-brown tint. The falces are powerful, conical, armed with

218

LINYPHIIDiE.

teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is broad and
heart-shaped; the maxillae are robust, straight, and have the exterior angle, at the extremity,
curvilinear; the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a dark-
brown colour, the falces and lip being the darkest. The eyes are seated on black spots; the
four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and the two
anterior eyes of the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The legs are slender, provided
with hairs and erect spines, and of a yellowish-brown colour tinged with green; each tarsus
is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi are of a yellowish-brown hue, and have a
slightly curved claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs,
glossy, very convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; a broad, dentated,
brown band, which is darkest at its posterior extremity, extends along the middle of the
upper part, nearly to the spinners, and on each side of this band there is an irregular white
one; these white bands unite immediately above the spinners, and a short, brown streak is
directed upwards from each side of the anus ; the sides are of a brown colour obscurely
mottled with yellowish spots, and are marked with two yellowish lines on the lower part, the
anterior one being horizontal, and the posterior one nearly vertical; the under part is of a
brown hue, a large space in the middle having a tinge of yellow; the sexual organs, which
are of a very dark-brown colour, approaching to black, have a minute process in connexion
with their inferior margin; and the branchial opercula have a brown tint.

The male is smaller and slenderer than the female, but resembles her in the design
formed by the colours of its abdomen. Its cephalo-thorax, falces, maxillae, lip, and sternum,
have a tinge of red, and its legs are without the green tint perceptible on those of the other
sex. The radial joint of the palpi is much stronger than the cubital, a long, slender bristle
projecting from each, near its extremity, in front; the digital joint is oval, of a very dark-
brown hue, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which
are prominent, highly developed, complicated in structure, with a corneous, pointed spine,
directed from the inner side obliquely downwards, and a delicate, prominent membrane at
the extremity; their colour is very dark reddish-brown.

In the months of May and June this spider spins a web of moderate extent among
bushes in woods and coppices in North Wales and Lancashire, where it is not uncommon.
An immature female of this species, taken in Berwickshire, was received from Mr. J. Hardy
in December, 1848, who has since captured adult specimens of both sexes in the same
county.

Linyphia minuta. PI. XV, fig. 144.

Linyphia minuta, Blacltw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii, p. 191.
—. — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 384.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 15.

— domestica, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 265, taf. 18, fig. 1.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 255.

LINYPHIA.

219

Length of the female, 5th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ~th;
breadth of the abdomen, #h; length of an anterior leg, T 3 6 ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, 1th.

The legs are slender, provided with hairs and erect spines, and of a reddish-brown hue,
with black annuli; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are
curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi
resemble the legs in colour, and have a slightly pectinated, curved claw at their extremity.
The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed and rather prominent before, rounded on
the sides, with an indentation in the medial line, and has a dark-brown tint. The falces are
strong, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are straight,
and nearly quadrate, having the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvilinear; and the lip is
semicircular and prominent at the apex. These organs have a dark red-brown colour. The
sternum is heart-shaped, and of a very dark-brown hue, approaching to black. The four
intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral
pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle, and are contiguous; the two posterior eyes of the
trapezoid are the largest, and the two anterior ones the smallest of the eight. The abdomen
is oviform, glossy, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting over the base of the
cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a pale-brown colour, minutely spotted with yellowish-
white; along the middle there extends a series of strongly marked, brownish-black, angular
lines, having their vertices directed forwards, and a little above the spinners there is an
irregular, transverse, curved, yellowish-white line; the sides and under part are of a
brownish-black hue, the former being marked with a slightly curved, yellowish-white line,
which extends from the anterior part rather more than half-way towards the spinners; the
sexual organs are prominent, a flesh-coloured process connected with their anterior margin
being enlarged at its extremity and directed backwards; and the colour of the branchial
opercula is yellowish-white.

The sexes do not present any very remarkable differences in colour, but the male is
smaller and slenderer than the female. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, a
strong bristle projecting from a small prominence situated at the extremity of the former, in
front; the digital joint is somewhat oval, having two conical processes near its articulation
with the radial joint; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal
organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complex with spine-like processes, and are of
a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other.

The interior of buildings, shrubs trained against walls, crevices in the bark of old trees,
and lichens growing upon their trunks and branches are the haunts frequented by this
common spider, which is widely distributed in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In
September the female constructs several subglobose cocoons of white silk of a slight texture,
the largest of which measures about one fifth of an inch in diameter, and contains from thirty
to forty spherical eggs of a yellowish-white colour. The cocoons are generally attached to
objects situated near the snare.

220

LINYPHIIML

Linyphia cauta. PI. XV, fig. 145.

Linyphia cauta, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 655.

— — Blackvv., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 15.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 499.

Length of the female, #hs of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, rath;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ?th.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose
anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle
and are almost contiguous; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are much the largest, and the
anterior ones, which are seated on a protuberance, are the smallest of the eight. The
cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before, rounded on the sides, with a large
indentation in the medial line, and some long hairs on the anterior part, directed forwards;
it is of a yellowish-brown colour, with black margins, and a band of the same hue, whose
anterior extremity is greatly enlarged, extending along the middle. The falces are powerful,
conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is
heart-shaped, glossy, and sparingly clothed with long, erect hairs. The maxillae are strong,
straight, somewhat quadrate, having the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvilinear, and are
very convex underneath. The lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex. The falces
and maxillae are of a brown colour faintly tinged with red, and the sternum and lip have a
brownish-black hue, the latter being paler at the tip. The legs are long, provided with
hairs and fine, erect spines, and have a yellowish-brown tint, with brownish-black annuli;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and
have a slightly curved and minutely dentated claw at their extremity. The abdomen is
oviform, glossy, thinly clothed with hairs, very convex above, projecting over the base of the
cephalo-thorax; it is of a yellowish-brown hue, freckled with small, whitish spots, which are
fewer and more minute on the under part; some large, brownish-black blotches occur near
the anterior extremity of the upper part, and between them and the spinners there are
numerous transverse, curved lines of the same hue, whose convexities are directed forwards;
the sides have a brownish-black tint, with an irregular, longitudinal, yellowish-brown band,
spotted with white, extending along the middle ; the spinners have a brown hue, and at the
base of the inferior pair there are three confluent, yellow spots; a small, cylindrical, semi¬
transparent process is connected with the anterior part of the sexual organs, within the
external orifice; and the colour of the branchial opercula is pale-yellow.

The male differs from the female in the following particulars; it is rather smaller,
darker coloured, and the anterior part of its cephalo-thorax, where the eyes are seated, is
more elevated. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short; the former has a long

LINYPHIA.

221

bristle projecting from its extremity, in front, and the latter, which is the larger, is of an
oval form, greatly elongated before, and overlaps the base of the digital joint; this joint is
somewhat oval, with a bold, pointed process at its base, on the inner side, and a prominent
lobe on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are depressed, very highly developed, and remarkably complicated in
structure, having a strong, curved, corneous process at their base, on the outer side, which
has an obtuse protuberance on its upper part, and a pair of exceedingly long, filiform, black
spines, of unequal thickness, enveloped in a transparent membrane, and curved into a circle
measuring about x B th of an inch in diameter; these organs are of a red-brown colour.

Angles of walls, overhanging banks, and depressions in the trunks of large trees are
the situations in which Linyphia cauta fabricates its extensive snare. Though rarely seen,
in consequence of the habit of remaining in its retreat during the day, yet it is rather abun¬
dant in many parts of England, Wales, and Ireland.

The Linyphia thoracica of M. Wider ( £ Museum Senckenbergianum/ B. i, p. 261, taf. 17,
fig. 10) appears to be nearly allied to this species, but it is difficult to determine whether
they are identical or not, as no description or figure is given of the male.

Linyphia yiyax. PL XVI, fig. 146.

Linyphia vivax , Blaclcw., Linn. Trans, vol. xviii, p. 657.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 15.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 499.

Length of the female, | ? ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, T ' 5 th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, \; length of a leg of the third
pair, grd.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a large indentation in the medial line,
and is of a yellowish-brown colour, with an irregular, longitudinal, blackish band on each side,
and a finer one of the same hue, which is bifid before, extending along the middle. The eyes
are seated on black spots ; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose anterior side is
the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle and are con¬
tiguous ; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones the
smallest of the eight. The falces, which have a reddish-brown tint, are powerful, conical,
armed with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is
heart-shaped, with long, erect, black hairs, and is of a dark-brown hue. The maxillae are
short, strong, straight, convex underneath, somewhat quadrate, and resemble the falces in
colour. The lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex, which is of a reddish-brown hue,
the base being blackish. The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and numerous
erect spines, and of a reddish-brown colour, with brownish-black annuli; each tarsus is
terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior

222

LINYPHIIDiE.

one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a slightly
curved claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, pointed at the spinners, very
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with
hairs, and of a yellowish-brown colour, freckled with numerous, minute, whitish spots;
along the middle of the upper part there extends a series of angular lines of a
brownish-black hue, whose vertices are directed forwards, and whose greatly enlarged
extremities form a row of very conspicuous, irregular spots on each side of the medial line ;
several of the anterior angles are bisected by a fine, brownish-black line ; two longitudinal,
irregular, brownish-black bands occur on each of the sides, the upper one being connected
with the enlarged extremities of the angular lines by small, confluent spots of the same hue;
a large, brownish-black band, whose anterior extremity is the broadest, occupies the middle
of the under part, and comprises a yellowish-brown, medial line; the sexual organs are
prominent, and have a brownish-black tint, with the exception of the extremity, which is
flesh-coloured; and the colour of the branchial opercula is pale-yellow.

The male, though smaller than the female, resembles her in the design formed by the
distribution of its colours. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, the former,
which is the larger, having several long, curved bristles projecting from its extremity, in
front; the radial joint is gibbous underneath, and has three short apophyses before, the
middle one, which is the largest and darkest coloured, being transversely striated in front;
the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a slightly curved, conical process at its base, in
front; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which
are highly developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with a slightly curved, pointed
spine, and a finer one enveloped in a semitransparent membrane, at their extremity; they
are of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards
each other.

Both sexes of this spider, which bears a striking resemblance to Linypliia cauta , were
discovered in the greenhouse and melon-pits belonging to Mrs. Darbishire, of Green Keys,
near Manchester, in September, 1836.

In the account of Linyphia vivax given in the eighteenth volume of the c Transactions of
the Linnean Society,’ a doubt is implied as to its being distinct from the Linyphia ylobosa of
M. Wider (‘ Museum Senckenbergianum,’ B. i, p.259, taf. 17, fig. 9); however, an attentive
perusal of the description and an inspection of the figure of the latter have induced the
conviction that they are different species.

Linypiiia socialis. PI. XYI, fig. 147.

Linyphia socialis, Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 160.

— Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,
p. 16.

— annulipes, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii, p. 348.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 398.

LINYPHIA.

223

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, n 5 th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th ; length of an anterior leg, jrd ; length of a leg of the third
pair, 3 th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, slightly compressed before, convex, glossy, with an indenta¬
tion in the medial line; it is of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with black lateral margins,
immediately above which there is a longitudinal row of triangular, black spots, and a band
of the same hue, bifid before, extends along the middle. The falces are long, conical,
divergent at the extremity, provided with several slender spines in front, armed with teeth on
the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped ; the maxillae are
straight, somewhat quadrate, having the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvilinear; and
the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts have a yellowish-brown tint,
the maxillae and sternum being the palest. The legs are long, slender, provided with a few
erect spines, and of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with brownish-black annuli; each tarsus
is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base, where there are one or two very minute teeth. The
palpi have numerous long spines on their radial and digital joints, and a slightly curved claw,
minutely dentated about a third of its length, at their extremity; their colour is similar to
that of the legs. The eyes are seated on black spots ; the four intermediate ones form a
trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a small tubercle, and are contiguous ; the anterior eyes of the trapezoid are the
smallest of the eight and very near to each other. The abdomen is oviform, convex above,
projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; the upper part is of a greenish-white colour,
reticulated with fine, yellowish-green, or greenish-brown lines, and has a series of greenish-
brown, angular lines, whose vertices are directed forwards, extending along the middle ; at
its anterior extremity there is a curved, black band, comprising four white spots disposed
transversely, which extends rather more than half of its length along the sides; from each
extremity of this band a black line passes obliquely upwards and forwards, forming with it
an acute angle, and between the angular point and the spinners there are two oblique, black
streaks united near the middle; below the band and streaks numerous yellowish-white spots
occur; the under part has a reddish-brown tint, with a few minute, yellowish-white spots,
and a black streak passes above the exterior margin of the branchial opercula, which have a
pale yellowish-white hue; a long, depressed process of a red-brown colour, directed back¬
wards, is connected with the sexual organs.

The colours of the sexes and the design formed by their distribution are similar, but the
male is smaller than the female. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, the
latter, which is the stronger, being very convex on the outer side ; the digital joint is some¬
what oval, with a pointed process at its base, curved outwards, and a prominent lobe on its
outer side ; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs ;
these organs are highly developed, complex, with corneous processes, the largest, which is
obtuse, curving above the base of the joint, and are of a red-brown colour.

As the opinion entertained by Professor Sundevall, that Linyphia socialis and Linyphia
annulipes are identical, appears to be correct, the former name, imposed upon this species
by the Professor, must take precedence of the latter.

30

224

LINYPHIEML

This spider, which occurs in autumn on the trunks of trees in woods at Oakland, M.
Walckenaer has portrayed in his ‘ Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt.’ pi. xxi, fig. f. 2 d, under
the name of Theridion gonjle; but has prefixed to his description of it, tom. ii, p. 274, the
appellation of Linyphia bucculenta, conferred by Professor Sundevall on a very different
species; namely, on that designated Linyphia reticulata. , by M. Walckenaer (‘ Vet. Acad.
Handle* 1831, p. 109).

Both sexes of Linyphia socialis have been received from Mr. J. Hardy, who took them
in Berwickshire.

Linyphia crypticolens. PI. XVT, fig. 148 .

Linyphia crypticolens, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 275.

-— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 16.

nebulosa, Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl., 1829, p. 218.

— pallidida, Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 403.

Meta cellulana, Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 123, tab. 287, figs. 691, 692.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, Ath;
breadth of the abdomen, Ath; length of an anterior leg, ~*ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, Aths.

The legs are long, slender, moderately hairy, and of a pale yellowish-brown hue, with
black annuli; the first pair is the longest, the fourth pair rather surpasses the second, and the
third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are
curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble
the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The eyes are
seated on black spots ; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the
shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle and are almost
contiguous; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones the
smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is compressed before, rounded on the sides,
convex, glossy, with furrows on the sides converging towards a large indentation in the
medial line; it is of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with black lateral margins, a black spot
in front, between the eyes and the falces, and a band of the same hue, which is contracted
near the middle, extending along the medial line. The falces are conical, vertical, and
armed with a few teeth on the inner surface; the colour of their base is yellow-brown, that
of their extremity pale red-brown, and they have a black streak in front. The maxillae are
straight, somewhat quadrate, and of a pale yellowish-brown hue, with the inner margin
black, and a spot of the same tint on the outer side. The lip, which is somewhat quadrate,
is blackish at the base and yellowish-brown at the apex. The sternum is heart-shaped, and
lias small prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs; it is of a pale yellowish-brown
colour, with black margins. The abdomen is oviform, slightly hairy, very convex above,

LINYPHIA.

225

projecting over the base of the ceplialo-tliorax; it is of a pale yellowish-brown colour,
marked with black lines ; one, curved in front and passing to the sides, has its extremities
enlarged, and several short, longitudinal ones, slightly inclined towards each other, extend,
in pairs, along the middle of the upper part, about half of its length, the first pair uniting
before in the curved, frontal line ; between them and the spinners there are two parallel rows
of oblique lines whose anterior extremities nearly meet, and a few irregular lines, diverging
from those near the medial and 'posterior regions, extend to the sides; on the under part,
near its connexion with the cephalo-thorax, there is a small, transverse, black streak, and in
the middle two oblique, black lines occur, which almost unite near the spinners, but diverge
widely and abruptly at their anterior extremities ; the spinners have a yellowish-brown tint;
a pair of small, black spots is situated on each side of them, near their base, and a larger
one, of a triangular form, underneath; the branchial opercula are whitish; and the colour
of the sexual organs is red-brown.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female, and its legs have a redder hue,
the black annuli with which they are marked being fewer and less distinct. The palpi have
a pale red-brown tint; the humeral joint is long, and the cubital and radial joints are short,
the latter being the stronger; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a very large, prominent
process at the base, which is curved downwards, and an angular projection near the middle
of the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal
organs ; they are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a strong, black, prominent
process at the upper part, on the inner side, which is directed downwards, and has an obtuse
projection on its upper side ; a very prominent, membranous, semitransparent process, curved
and black at its point, is situated a little lower, on the same side ; and opposite to it, on the
outer side, there is an erect, black spine, pointed and slightly curved at its extremity, and
having a prominent, bilobed process at the upper part of its base, and the point of a long,
black spine, which is curved under the processes on the inner side, in contact with its lower
part; these organs are of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are
directed towards each other.

On examining specimens of this spider in the summer of 1834, it was found to possess
the essential characters of a Linyplda , and was described in the ‘ Researches in Zoology as
new to science, under the specific name of pallidula. Since then it has been ascertained that
M. Walckenaer had included it among the Theridia , in his ‘Tableau des Araneides/ p. 75,
and that Professor Sundevall had previously described it in his excellent publications in this
department of zoology.

Linyplda crypticolens is met with in North Wales under stones, and in cellars, vaults, and
other obscure, damp places. In June or July the female constructs a globular cocoon of
yellowish-brown silk of a loose texture, measuring one-sixth of an inch in diameter; it is
commonly attached to her spinners by fine lines, and contains about ninety-eight spherical
eggs of a brown colour, not adherent among themselves.

226

LiNYPHinm

Linyphia alticeps. PI. XVI, fig. 149.

Linyphia alticeps, Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 261.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 17.

— luteola, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii, p. 192.

— — Blackw., Research. in Zool., p. 390.

Length of the female, ith of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T ~th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed, prominent, and somewhat pointed
before, rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial line; the falces are
conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are straight, and
nearly quadrate; the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the sternum is heart-
shaped ; the legs are long, slender, and provided with fine, erect spines ; each tarsus is ter¬
minated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base; the palpi are rather short, and have a slightly pectinated,
curved claw at their extremity. These parts are of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with the
exception of the lateral margins of the cephalo-thorax, and a fine line extending along its
middle, which are black. The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones
form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a tubercle, and are contiguous; the two posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the
largest, and the anterior ones the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, glossy,
compressed, very convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a
pale-yellow colour, with minute, white spots on the upper part; the sides are obscurely
marked with oblique lines of a blackish hue, and above the spinners there are several angular
ones of a similar tint; the colour of the branchial opercula is yellow. The black lines on the
abdomen of some individuals are almost obliterated.

The male is smaller and slenderer than the female, but its cephalo-thorax is longer, very
prominent and pointed before, and provided with numerous strong, black bristles, particularly
at the apex. Its maxillae also are remarkably convex externally. The humeral joint of its
palpi is robust; the cubital and radial joints are short, a strong bristle, rough with projecting
points on the under side, depending from a protuberance at the extremity of the former, in
front; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are complicated in structure, with a curved, pointed process at their
base, and are of a red-brown colour.

The conclusion arrived at by Professor S unde vail, that Linyphia alticejps and Linyphia
luteola are the same species, is perfectly correct; but M. Walckenaer is certainly mistaken in
regarding it as identical with his Argus cornutus (‘ Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt.,’ tom. ii, p. 368),
from which it differs remarkably in structure, colour, habits and economy.

LINYPHIA.

227

Specimens of this interesting Linyphia have been procured in Lancashire and Denbigh¬
shire ; Mr. R. H. Meade has taken it in Yorkshire, and Mr. J. Hardy in Berwickshire. The
male has the palpal organs fully developed in autumn, at which season both sexes are
plentiful in the plantations about Crumpsall Hall, near Manchester, constructing snares of
moderate extent among coarse grass beneath the trees. Like other species of the genus, they
are usually seen on the under side of the horizontal sheet of web in an inverted position.

Linyphia longidens. PI. XVI, fig. 150.

Linyphia longidens, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 270, taf. 18, fig. 5.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 264.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 17.

— tardipes , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii, p. 488.

Length of the female, £th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, T ' g th ;
breadth of the abdomen, -Ah; length of an anterior leg, Aths; length of a leg of the third
pair, g th.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a square nearly,
and the two anterior ones are the largest of the eight; those of each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a small tubercle and are contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex,
glossy, depressed and somewhat rounded before, with an indentation in the medial line; it is
of a reddish-brown colour, with a broad, brownish-black band extending along each side.
The falces are powerful, conical, divergent at the extremity, armed with a long fang, slightly
curved at its point, and with two rows of teeth on the inner surface, those of the anterior row
being remarkably long and fine ; they are inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped
and finely pointed at its posterior extremity; the maxillse are strong, straight, and somewhat
quadrate, and the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts have a reddish-
brown tint, the sternum and lip being rather the darkest. The legs are moderately robust,
provided with hairs and a few erect spines, and are of a reddish-brown colour, with obscure,
brownish-black annuli; the first pair is the longest, the second and fourth pairs are nearly
equal in length, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws;
the two superior ones are curved, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi,
which are of a reddish-brown hue, and are furnished with spines, have a slightly curved,
slender claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, rather broader at the posterior
than at the anterior extremity, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax;
it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a reddish-brown colour on the upper part, with
a few minute, whitish spots interspersed, and a series of large, brownish-black blotches
extending along each side of the medial line; these blotches unite as they approach the
spinners, and form transverse, curved bars; the sides are of a brownish-black hue minutely
freckled with reddish-brown; the under part has a dark-brown, or brownish-black tint; and

228

LINYPHIlDiE.

the colour of the branchial opercula is pale-yellow ; a large, very prominent, curved process,
of a dark red-brown hue, is connected with the sexual organs; it is abruptly contracted in the
curvature, and is recurved at its extremity, which is enlarged and deeply notched.

The male, which resembles the female in colour, has some longish black bristles, directed
forwards, on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, which is prominent. The cubital and
radial joints of its palpi are short; the latter is the stronger, and a long, slender bristle
projects from the extremity of the former, in front; the digital joint is somewhat oval, but is
gibbous on the outer margin, and has a large process at its base, which is curved outwards
and notched at its extremity; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs; these organs are highly developed, complicated in structure, provided with
several curved, corneous processes, and are of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the
digital joints are directed towards each other.

On obtaining a copy of the first volume of the ‘ Museum Senckenbergianum,’ and com¬
paring the description of M. Wider’s Linyphia lonyidens with that of Linyphia tardipes , it was
immediately perceived that they are specifically the same.

This spider is found in Denbighshire, Yorkshire, and Lancashire, under stones and
detached pieces of rock, and in December 1848, an adult female was received from Mr. J.
Hardy, who took it in Berwickshire. It pairs in August and September, and the female
fabricates several cocoons of white silk of a fine but compact texture, which she attaches to
the inferior surface of stones by a small web; they are flat on the side in contact with the
stones, and convex, with a depressed margin, on the opposite side. The largest of these
cocoons measures one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and contains about forty spherical eggs
of a pale-yellow colour, not agglutinated together, but enveloped in delicately soft silk. The
snare of this species consists of a small, compact, horizontal sheet of web constructed in
cavities beneath stones, on the under side of which it takes its station in an inverted position.
In the disposition and relative size of its eyes an approximation to the Theridia may be
traced.

Linyphia frenata. PI. XVI, fig. 151.

Linyphia frenata, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 269, taf. 18, fig. 4.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 279.

•—• — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 18.

— pallida , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 126.

Theridium pallidum , Koch, Die Arachn., Band iii, p. 64, tab. 94, fig. 216.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ith.

The legs are long, slender provided with hairs and erect spines, and of a pale yellowish-

LINYPHIA.

229

brown hue, with a faint tinge of green, particularly on the thighs, and an obscure, blackish
annulus at the extremity of each principal joint; the first pair is the longest, then the
second, and the third pair is the shortest; the tarsi are terminated by three claws; the two
superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The
palpi are of a pale yellowish-brown colour, and have a slightly curved claw at their extremity.
The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with furrows on the sides converging towards a
large indentation in the medial line; it is of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with a longitudinal,
black band immediately above each lateral margin. The falces have a reddish-brown hue;
they are long, powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards
the sternum, which is heart-shaped, and of a brownish-black tint. The maxillae are powerful,
straight, somewhat quadrate, and of a pale reddish-brown colour, with a blackish spot on
the inner angle, at the extremity. The lip is semicircular, prominent at its apex, and
resembles the sternum in colour. The eyes are seated on black spots, those of each lateral
pair being placed on a small tubercle and nearly contiguous; the anterior eyes of the
trapezoid are not smaller than the rest. The abdomen is remarkably gibbous above, pro¬
jecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a
pale reddish-brown colour; the anterior half of the upper part is thickly spotted with white,
and a series of black spots occurs on each side of the medial line of the posterior half, those
near the spinners uniting and forming short, transverse bars; the sides are marked with
irregular black streaks ; the hue of the branchial opercula is yellow, and the space between
them has a brownish-black tint; a depressed process, directed backwards, is connected with
the anterior margin of the sexual organs, and their colour is reddish-brown.

The male resembles the female in colour, but its legs are longer than hers, an anterior
one measuring seven-tenths of an inch. The anterior part of its cephalo-thorax, where the
eyes are seated, is greatly elevated, rounded at the summit, and provided with numerous
curved, black hairs. The falces are long and divergent at the extremity. The humeral
joint of the palpi is robust; the cubital and radial joints are short, the latter being the
stronger; both have a few long bristles at their extremity, in front, which are directed
forwards; the digital joint is broader at the extremity than at the base, which is rather pro¬
tuberant; it is of a light reddish-brown colour, is slightly convex and hairy externally,
concave within, and comprises the palpal organs; they are highly developed, very complicated
in structure, with a prominent spine underneath, which is enveloped in membrane, abruptly
curved near its base, and directed downwards; a large, convex, glossy process occurs at their
extremity, on the outer side, and near it, towards the inner side, there is a short, strong,
curved, pointed spine; the colour of these organs is very dark and light reddish-brown
intermixed. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other.

Not perceiving that the Theridium pallidum of M. Koch is identical with the Liny pi da
frenata of M. Wider, M. Walckenaer has included it among the synonyma of Theridion
sisyphum ( f Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt.,’ tom. ii, p. 299).

In autumn this rare species spins among grass growing in the grounds about Oakland
an extensive horizontal sheet of web supported by fine lines united to its superior surface and
to each other at various angles, and attached by their upper extremities to objects situated
above it. Like its congeners, it takes its station on the under side of the web in an inverted
position, and there watches for its prey. An adult male Linyplda frenata was received in
1851 from Mr. R. H. Meade, who captured it in Yorkshire.

230

LINYPHIIDiE.

Linyphia tenuis. PI. XVI, fig. 152.

Linyphia tenuis , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 18.
— pusilla , Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 392.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, -md, breadth, ~th;
breadth of the abdomen, g 6 th; length of an anterior leg, -&ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ith.

The cephalo-thorax is somewhat oval, slightly compressed before, rather prominent
in front, where the eyes are situated, convex and glossy, with an indentation in the
medial line, the falces are powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface,
and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped ; the maxillae have
the exterior angle, at their extremity, curvilinear; and the lip is semicircular. These
parts are of a dark-brown colour, the lip and the lateral margins of the cephalo-thorax being
the darkest, and the falces and maxillae having a faint tinge of red. The eyes are seated on
black spots; the four intermediate ones describe a trapezoid whose anterior side is the
shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are
contiguous; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones, which
are seated on a protruberance, are the smallest of the eight. The legs are long, slender,
provided with hairs and fine, erect spines, and of a yellowish-brown colour; the first pair is
the longest, the second pair slightly surpasses the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pec¬
tinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour.
The abdomen is oviform, glossy, thinly clothed with hairs, pointed at the spinners, convex
above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is of a light-brown colour, thickly
freckled with pale yellowish-white on the upper part, and has a series of curved, angular,
black lines extending along the middle, which have their convex sides towards each other,
their extremities greatly enlarged, and their vertices directed forwards; the sides and under
part have a brownish-black tint; a longitudinal, slightly curved, pale yellowish-white line
occurs on the anterior half of the former, and a semicircular one of the same hue passes above
the spinners; the sexual organs have a light yellowish-brown septum in the medial line, which
is enlarged at its posterior part, and a very minute process in connexion with their inferior
margin ; the colour of the branchial opercula is yellowish-brown.

The form of the male is slighter, and its colour is darker than that of the female. The
cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, the latter being very strong, and prominent at
its extremity, in front; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a lobe on the outer side; it is
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly
developed, complicated in structure, and of a dark red-brown colour.

The specific name of this spider has been changed from pusilla to tenuis , the former
appellation having been previously conferred on a small Swedish Linyphia by Professor
Sundevall (‘Yet. Acad. Handl.,’ 1829, p. 214.)

Linyphia tenuis is of frequent occurrence among grass and under stones, and is widely
distributed in England, Wales, and Scotland.

LINYPHIA.

231

Linyphia terricola. PL XVI, fig. 153.

Linyphia terricola, Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 125, tab. 425, fig. 1047, 1048.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi,

p. 118 .

Length of the female, §th of an inch; length of the cephalo-tliorax, ^th, breadth, 5 ?th;
breadth of the abdomen, ; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose
anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small
tubercle, and are nearly contiguous ; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are rather the largest,
and the anterior ones, which are seated on a protuberance, are much the smallest of the eight.
The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line; the falces
are powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards
the sternum; the legs and palpi are long, slender, and provided with hairs and some fine,
erect spines; and the maxillae are straight, and have the exterior angle, at their extremity,
curvilinear. These parts are of a yellowish-brown colour, the legs being the palest, and the
falces and maxillae having a tinge of red. The lip, which is semicircular, is prominent at the
apex; and the sternum is heart-shaped. Both these parts have a dark-brown hue. The
first pair of legs is the longest, the second pair slightly surpasses the fourth, and the third
pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are
curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The abdomen
is oviform, glossy, sparingly clothed with hairs, very convex above, projecting over the base
of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a pale reddish-brown colour, freckled with
yellowish-white, more especially towards the sides, and has a series of curved, brownish-black,
angular lines extending along the middle, which have their convex sides towards each other,
and their vertices directed forwards; the sides and under part have a dark-brown hue, the
former being marked with a slightly curved, pale reddish-brown line, freckled with yellowish-
white ; the colour of the branchial opercula is yellowish-white; that of the sexual organs is
red-brown, a longitudinal process, enlarged at its posterior extremity, being connected with
their anterior margin, and a very minute one with their inferior margin.

The male is smaller, lighter coloured, and less distinctly marked than the female. Its
palpi have a yellowish-brown hue, the radial and digital joints being much the darkest; the
radial joint is larger than the cubital, and is most prominent at its extremity, in front; the
digital joint is short, somewhat oval, with a lobe on the outer side, broad at the extremity,
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly
developed, prominent, complex in structure, with a few very short, projecting, black points
at their extremity, towards the outer side, and are of a red-brown colour.

This spider, which varies considerably in colour, bears a striking resemblance to Linyphia
tenuis; but the more slender form of the latter, the larger size of the anterior eyes of the

31

232

LINYPHIlDiE.

trapezoid, which are somewhat wider apart, and are seated on a less prominent protuberance
of the cephalo-thorax, together with slight modifications in the structure and development of
the palpal organs of the male, serve, independently of colour, to distinguish it from the
former, with which it has probably been confounded. Linyphia terricola is common among
moss growing in woods in many parts of England and Wales; it occurs also in Scotland
and Ireland, and the sexes arrive at maturity in July and August.

The length of the male of this species given by M. Koch in the text is incorrect, but the
line representing it in the plate rectifies the error.

M. Walckenaer has added Linyphia terricola to the synonyma of his Linyphia bucculenta
( Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt. t. iv, p. 485), which is a very different species, and is identical
with the Linyphia socialis of Professor Sundevall, the name Linyphia bucculenta having been
conferred by the Swedish naturalist on the species denominated Linyphia reticulata by
M. Walckenaer.

Linyphia Meadii. PI. XVI, fig. 154.

Linyphia Meadii , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi, p. 17.

— — Blackw., Ibid., p. 119.

Length of the female, |th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th ; length of an anterior leg, jth; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides converging
towards an indentation in the medial line ; the falces are powerful, conical, nearly vertical,
divergent at the extremity, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are
straight, with the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvilinear; the legs and palpi are provided
with hairs and fine spines. These parts are of a light yellow-brown colour, the legs and
palpi being rather the palest. The lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex ; and the
sternum is short, broad, and heart-shaped. These parts are browner than the cephalo-
thorax, the margins of the sternum being the darkest. The first pair of legs is the longest,
the second pair rather surpasses the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is
terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base. The eyes are seated on black spots; the four inter¬
mediate ones describe a trapezoid w r hose anterior side is the shortest, and - those of each
lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle and are nearly contiguous ; the anterior
eyes of the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed
with hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a dull,
olive-green colour, with a series of obscure, pale yellowish-brown, oblique streaks on each
side of the medial line of the upper part, and a band of the same hue extending along each
side; a large, prominent, red-brown process, connected with the anterior margin of the
sexual organs, is directed backwards; and the colour of the branchial opercula is pale-
yellow.

LINYPHIA.

233

The sexes are similar in colour, but the abdomen of the male is slenderer than that of
the female, and its maxillae are slightly inclined towards the lip. The cubital and radial
joints of its palpi are short, the latter being most produced at its extremity, on the inner side ;
the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a large lobe on the outer side ; it is convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, promi¬
nent, complex in structure, with a large process at their base consisting of three parts; the
superior one, which is curved at its extremity, is in contact with the radial joint, on the outer
side, and the other two are directed downwards, the one which is situated nearer to the
inner side, and is the slenderer and more curved, having a projection on the outside of its
curvature and another within, nearer to its base ; a short, prominent, curved process, whose
point is in contact with a small, semitransparent membrane, occurs at the extremity of these
organs, and their colour is red-brown of various shades. The convex sides of the digital
joints are directed towards each other.

Early in May, 1852, adult individuals of both sexes of Linyphia Meadii were taken by
Mr. R. H. Meade, under a stone in a pasture at Low Moor, near Bradford.

Linyphia Claytonle. PI. XYI, fig. 155.

Linyphia Claytonice, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 664.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 19.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 499.

— anthracina, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi,

p. 18.

— — Blackw., Ibid., p. 119.

Length of the female, |th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 4>th, breadth, Ath;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, 4ths.

The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and a few fine spines, and, with the
palpi, have a bright, yellowish-red hue. The first pair of legs is the longest, then the
second, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two
superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its
base. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line;
the falces are powerful, conical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped, convex, and glossy; the maxillae are straight,
with the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvilinear; and the lip, which is semicircular,
is prominent at the apex. These parts are of a very dark-brown colour. The four inter¬
mediate eyes describe a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each
lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle, and are nearly contiguous ; the anterior eyes
of the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, and of a glossy-

234

LINYPHIIDiE.

black hue, with an obscure series of angular lines of a yellowish-brown colour, whose vertices
are directed forwards, extending along the middle of the upper part; it is sparingly supplied
with hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; the sexual organs
have a dark-brown hue; a prominent process is connected with their anterior and another
with their posterior margin; the former, which is much the larger, is nearly semicircular,
concave within, and has a longitudinal septum in the middle ; the posterior one is somewhat
enlarged at its extremity, and directed obliquely backwards.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the figure of the male is slighter than that of the
female; there are some fine bristles, directed forwards, on the middle of the anterior part of
its cephalo-thorax, and the falces have a small protuberance in front, near the base. The
palpi are short, and of a bright, yellowish-red colour, with the exception of the digital joint,
which has a dark-brow T n hue; the radial is stronger than the cubital joint, and is rather
produced in front; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a lobe on the outer side, near the
base ; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which
are highly developed, prominent, complex in structure, with two contiguous, curved spines
near their middle, a compressed, curved process at the base, on the outer side, a pointed one
on the inner side, and are of a red-brown colour.

This species varies greatly in colour ; some individuals have the yellowish-brown, angular
lines extending along the middle of the upper part of the abdomen very distinctly marked ;
others have the ground-colour of the abdomen yellow-brown, and the angular lines black ;
and occasionally specimens may be found with the abdomen of a uniform black, or yellowish-
brown hue.

The original description of Linyphia Claytonice was made from adult males received from
Miss Ellen Clayton, who took them near Garstang, in Lancashire. In 1852, Mr. R. H. Meade
captured adult females at Bradford, in Yorkshire, which were described as a distinct species,
under the name of Linyphia anthracina ; however, a careful examination of both sexes, found
in considerable numbers in the summer of 1860 by the Rev. 0. P. Cambridge, at Bloxworth,
in Dorsetshire, has served to establish the fact that they are specifically identical.

Linyphia pulla. PI. XYI, fig. 156.

Linyphia pulla, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi, p. 19.

— — Blackw., Ibid., p. 119.

Length of the female, gth of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, 5 !,th;
breadth of the abdomen, -th; length of an anterior leg, Igths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The four intermediate eyes describe a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and
those of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle, and are almost contiguous; the
posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones much the smallest of
the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial

LINYPHIA.

235

line; the falces are powerful, conical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, slightly
divergent at the extremity, and inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped; the
maxillae are straight, with the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvilinear ; and the lip is
semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a brown-black colour, the
sternum, lip, and lateral margins of the cephalo-thorax being the darkest, and the falces
having a tinge of red. The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and a few fine spines,
and have a light yellow-brown hue; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and the
third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones
are curved and slightly pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi
have a dark-brown tint, with the exception of the humeral joint, which has a yellowish-
brown hue. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, sparingly clothed with short hairs, convex
above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a brown-black colour, with a
sharply dentated, pale yellow-brown band extending along the middle of its upper part, and a
rather obscure line of the same hue on each side of its anterior extremity ; the sexual organs
have a thin, longitudinal septum in the middle, a small process connected with their posterior
margin, which is directed backwards, and their colour, with that of the branchial opercula,
is yellowish-brown. The medial, dentated band, is much less perfectly defined in some
individuals than in others.

The form of the male is slighter than that of the female, and its colour is darker, the
dentated band in the medial line of the upper part of the abdomen being rather more obscure.
The cubital and radial joints of the palpi are short, and the latter, which is the stronger, is
somewhat produced at its extremity, on the inner side; the digital joint is of an irregular
oval figure, having a slender, curved process at its base, on the outer side, and a large lobe
near its extremity, on the inner side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs ; these organs are very highly developed, prominent, complicated
in structure, with two strong, curved spines at their extremity, one of which describes a
circle and comprises within its circumvolution some light-coloured membrane and the recurved
point of the other spine ; they are of a dark-brown hue tinged with red. The convex sides
of the digital joints are directed towards each other.

Both sexes of this spider, in a state of maturity, were discovered by Mr. R. H. Meade,
in the summer of 1852, on the fronds of the male shield-fern, in Nab Wood, near Bingley,
in Yorkshire; and in the autumn of the same year, an adult female was transmitted to him
by Mr. F. Walker, who took it at Southgate.

Linyphia alacris. PI. XVII, fig. 157.

Linyphia alacris , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi,

p. 20.

— — Blackw., Ibid., p. 119.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^nd; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, Jth.

236

LINYPHIIDJE.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones describe a trapezoid
whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a
tubercle and are nearly contiguous ; the anterior eyes of the trapezoid are seated on a small
protuberance, and are much the least of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex,
glossy, with an indentation in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, rather diver¬
gent at the extremity, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the
sternum; the legs are long and slender, and are provided with hairs and a few fine spines.
These parts, with the palpi, are of a pale yellowish-brown colour, the lateral margins of the
cephalo-thorax being darkish. The maxillae are straight, with the exterior angle, at the
extremity, curvilinear ; the lip is semicircular and prominent at its apex; and the sternum is
broad, convex, glossy, and heart-shaped. These parts have a dark-brown hue, the maxillae
being the palest. The first pair of legs is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is
the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and
slightly pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The abdomen is oviform,
pointed at the spinners, thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, convex above, and projects over the
base of the cephalo-thorax ; the upper part is of a yellowish-brown colour, mottled with dull
white ; a narrow, dentated, black band extends along the middle, whose continuity is frequently
interrupted, or broken into black spots, about one third of its length above the spinners, and
from these spots fine, oblique lines of the same hue pass to the sides, which, with the under
part, have a brown-black tint; a yellowish-brown band, mottled with dull white, extends
along each side, and the two unite above the anus; the sexual organs are highly developed
and very prominent; there is a process connected with their anterior margin which is
enlarged at its extremity and curved downwards, and a minute one occurs on the inferior
margin; their colour is brown faintly tinged with red. Some individuals have the medial,
dentated band much more perfectly defined than others.

In their colours and in the design formed by them the sexes closely resemble each
other, but the male is rather smaller than the female, and the anterior part of its cephalo-
thorax, where the eyes are seated, is provided with porrect hairs. The humeral joint of its
palpi is moderately long; the cubital joint is short, and has a long bristle projecting from its
extremity, in front; the radial, which is larger than the cubital joint, has a long bristle
projecting from its base, in front, and is gibbous underneath; the digital joint is somewhat
oval, having two lobes on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs; they are highly developed, prominent, complex with projecting
points and processes, one of the latter, situated near the middle, and another on the inner side,
which is slightly bifid at its extremity, being the most conspicuous; their colour is red-brown.

Mr. R. H. Meade found specimens of this Linyphia in May, 1852, on the fronds of the
male shield-fern, in a wood near Bingley, and in the neighbourhood of Bradford, in
Yorkshire.

LTNYPHIA.

237

Ltnyphia nasata. PL XVII, fig. 158.

JEobatus nasatus, Templeton, MS. History of Irish A.raclinida.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch

The cephalo-thorax is obcordate or sub triangular, with a nasiform process in the middle
of the frontal margin, caused by a deep notch on each side of it; it is of a pale-brown colour,
the sides, which are suddenly depressed, having a darkish-green tint; underneath it has a
dark-brown hue. The abdomen is tumid, and of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with a row of
obsolete, brown maculae on each side of the medial line of the upper part; these maculae are
separated anteriorly by a lance-shaped, longitudinal, pale fascia ; the spinners are prominent.
The legs are long, slender, hairy, spiny, and of a pale-brown colour, with black tarsi.

In the grove at Cranmore this species is not uncommon.

Linyphia ericaea. PI. XVII, fig. 159.

Ltnyphia ericaa, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi,

p. 22.

— — Blackw., Ibid., p. 119.

Length of the female, fgth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^nd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ?th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ~ths.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones describe a trapezoid
whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a
small tubercle and are almost contiguous; the anterior eyes of the trapezoid are seated on a
slight protuberance, and are much the smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval,
convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line; the falces are conical, vertical, some¬
what divergent at the extremity, and armed with teeth on the inner surface ; the maxillae have
the exterior angle, at their extremity, curvilinear, and are slightly inclined towards the lip,
which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the sternum is convex and heart-shaped;
and the legs and palpi, which are provided with hairs and fine spines, are long and slender.
These parts have a yellowish-brown colour, with the exception of the sternum and base of the
lip, which have a browner hue. The first pair of legs is the longest, then the second pair,
which a little surpasses the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated
by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the inferior one
is inflected near its base. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, sparingly clothed with hairs,
pointed at the spinners, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
of a pale yellow-brown colour, with obscure spots of a deeper shade, the under part
being the darkest; the sexual organs are of a red-brown hue and have in connexion

328

LINYPHIIDiE.

with them four prominent, contiguous processes directed obliquely downwards and backwards,
the posterior one being the shortest.

The male is much smaller than the female, but it closely resembles her in colour. The
cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, the latter being the larger; the digital joint is
oval, with a small lobe on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complex in structure,
with a small, crescent-shaped process near their base, on the outer side, whose superior limb
is terminated by an acute point which is almost in contact with the extremity of the radial
joint; these organs are of a red-brown colour.

Specimens of this small species of Linyphia have been found in moss growing among
heath in woods about Oakland, and at the roots of heath on Bingley Moor, in Yorkshire. Two
adult males and an immature female, captured in the latter locality, were received from Mr.
R. H. Meade in October, 1852.

Linyphia insignis. PL XVII, fig. 160.

Linyphia insignis, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 662.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 499.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 18.

Length of the female, | 5 ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ith.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides converging
towards a large indentation in the medial line; its colour is yellowish-brown, the margins
being the darkest. The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a
trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely
on a small tubercle and are nearly contiguous; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are rather
the largest, and the anterior ones the smallest of the eight. The falces are powerful, conical,
vertical, and armed with a few teeth on the inner surface; and the maxillae are straight, and
somewhat quadrate. These organs resemble the cephalo-thorax in colour, but are rather
darker. The lip is semicircular and prominent at its apex ; and the sternum is heart-shaped.
These parts have a dark-brown tint, the lip being paler at the extremity. The legs are
long, slender, provided with hairs and fine, erect spines, and are of a pale yellowish-brown
hue; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest; each
tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and
the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The
abdomen is oviform, glossy, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting over the base
of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a dull-yellowish colour, with a series of black, angular lines,
whose vertices are directed forwards, extending along the middle of the upper part, and an
irregular, longitudinal band of the same hue on each side; there is a black spot above the

LINYPHIA.

239

outer margin of each branchial operculum, and several similar ones, more or less confluent,
occur about the spinners; a very long, subcylindrical process of a red-brown colour, notched
at the extremity, and provided with long hairs on the inferior surface, is directed backwards
from the sexual organs, w T ith the anterior margin of which it is connected; the branchial
opercula have a pale-yellow tint. The black marks on this species are liable to vary both
in form and number, some individuals being entirely without the series of angular lines on
the upper part of the abdomen.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female. Its cephalo-thorax has a
brown hue, and its legs, palpi, falces, and maxillae are tinged with red. The radial joint of
the palpi is larger than the cubital, and has a prominent, conical process near its base, on
the outer side, at the extremity of which there are two long bristles; the digital joint is
somewhat oval, with a large lobe on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are highly developed, prominent, com¬
plicated in structure, with a black, pointed process at their base, on the outer side, a large
scale-like process curved round their inner side and base, which terminates at a prominent,
membraneous process on the outer side, and a curved, filiform, black spine on the inner side,
whose point is directed downwards; their predominant colour is red-brown.

In the autumn of 1837 an adult female of this species was received from Mr. John
Parry, who captured it at Trafford, near Manchester; and in the years 1851 and 1852 Mr.
R. H. Meade found both sexes on the fronds of the male shield-fern, Lastrea Jilixmas, .growing
in woods about Bradford, in Yorkshire, in which district it is very common ("Zoologist/ vol.
x, p. 3678). This spider is of such rare occurrence in the vicinity of Llanrwst, that a single
adult male is the only specimen of it which has been obtained in that locality during a period
of twenty years, and it was taken in an outbuilding in the winter of 1852. Both sexes, in a
state of maturity, were received in 1858 from Mr. J. Hardy, who took them in Berwickshire.

Linyphia pernix.

Linyphia pernix , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x, p. 98.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. xi, p. 120.

Length of the male, T gth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, Ath ;
breadth of the abdomen, Ath; length of an anterior leg, 1th; length of a leg of the third
pair, 1th.

The falces are long, powerful, sub-conical, with a protuberance at the base, in front, and
a few teeth on the inner surface; they are inclined towards the sternum, and are of a reddish-
brown colour. The maxillae are rather darker coloured than the falces, straight, and some¬
what enlarged at the extremity, which is curvilinear at its exterior angle. The lip is semi¬
circular, prominent at the apex, and, like the sternum, which is heart-shaped, of a very dark-
brown hue. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial
line, and some coarse hairs, directed forwards, behind the eyes; its colour is dark-brown.

32

240

LINYPHIIDiE.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose
anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle,
and are nearly contiguous; the anterior eyes of the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight.
The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and spines, and of a red colour ; the first pair
is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated
by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The palpi are short, and resemble the legs in colour, with the
exception of the digital joint, which has a dark-brown tint; the radial joint is stronger than
the cubital, and has some long hairs in front; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a large
lobe on the outer side, near its base; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a
broad, compressed, curved process projecting nearly at right angles from their base, on the
outer side, and are of a dark, reddish-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, very sparingly
supplied with short hairs, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
of a yellowish-brown colour on the upper part and sides, a series of black, angular lines,
whose indistinct vertices are directed forwards, extending along the middle of the former ;
the extremities of the anterior lines of the series are much the most strongly marked, and a
small, yellowish-white spot occurs immediately above the spinners ; the under part is of a pale
brown colour.

Mr, F. Walker took this species in May, 1850, among juniper bushes at Southgate.

Linyphia nigella.

Linyphia nigella , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii,
p. 487.

— Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 18.

Length of the male, fth, of an inch; length of cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, -th; length of an anterior leg, 3 §tbs; length of a leg of the third
pair, jflh.

The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and
those of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a small tubercle, and are contiguous; the
posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones are much the smallest of
the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line,
and is of a dark-brown colour, approaching to black. The falces are long, powerful, armed
with teeth on the inner surface, divergent at the extremity, of a deep-brown colour tinged
with red, and incline towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped, and of a brownish-black
hue. The maxillae are strong, and have the exterior angle, at their extremity, curvilinear;
they resemble the falces in colour, and incline a little towards the lip, which is semicircular,
prominent at the apex, and has a brownish-black tint. The legs are long, slender, provided

LINYPHIA.

241

with hairs and a few 7 spines, and of a pale yellowish-brown hue, the thighs having a tinge of
red; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest; each
tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and
the inferior one is inflected near its base. The cubital and radial joints of the palpi are short,
the latter, which is much the stronger, being produced at the extremity, on the inner side ;
the digital joint has an irregular oval form; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a
small projection at the upper part, in front, and a large spine which originates at the upper
part and extends to the termination of the joint, where it is curved into a circular form, the
extremity projecting a little ; the colour of these organs is dark, reddish-browm. The convex
sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other. The abdomen is oviform, convex
above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy,
and of a brownish-black hue; and the colour of the branchial opercula is pale, yellowish-
brown. Some individuals have a series of obscure, angular lines of a yellowish-brown
colour, whose vertices are directed forwards, extending along the middle of the upper part.

Specimens of Linyphia niyella were found under fragments of rock in woods at Oakland
in September, 1835; they were all males, and had the palpal organs completely developed.

Linyphia albula. PI. XVII, fig. 161.

Linyphia albula , Camb., Annals and Mag, of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. vii, p. 435.

Length of the female, |th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, Ath;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, T 3 5 ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, and of a pale, brownish-yellow colour, with
several obscure, brownish lines in the cephalic region, which meet in an angle at a small
indentation in the medial line, and obscure rays of the same hue on the sides, which converge
towards the same point. The eyes are small, and are seated on black spots on the anterior
part of the cephalo-thorax; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose shortest side
is before; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are con¬
tiguous, and the anterior eyes of the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The falces are
powerful, conical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and somewhat inclined
towards the sternum; and the maxillae are strong, straight, and have the exterior angle, at
the extremity, curvilinear. These organs have a deeper tinge of brown than the cephalo-
thorax. The lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex; and the sternum is heart-shaped.
The colour of these parts is brown, the lip and margins of the sternum being the darkest.
The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and a few fine spines, and are of a pale,
brownish-yellow hue, the femora being much the palest; the first pair is the longest, then
the second, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the
two superior ones are curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near
its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is slender, oviform, thinly

242

LINYPHIID.E.

clothed with hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a
yellowish-white colour, the under part being rather the darkest; a fine, brown band, which
tapers to the spinners, extends along the middle of the upper part; the anterior half of this
band is slightly ramified, and on each side of the posterior part there are three small, brown
spots, disposed in pairs; the anterior pair is more distant from the intermediate and posterior
pairs than these are from each other; on each side of the under part there is a faint, curved,
brown line, and these lines meet near the spinners; the sexual organs are rather prominent,
of a dark, reddish-brown colour, and have a small, oval, brownish-yellow process connected
with their inferior margin.

The Rev. 0. P. Cambridge captured an adult female of this species at Hursley, near
Winchester, in the summer of 1860.

Linyphia pulchella.

Linypliia pulchella, Blaclov., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xviii, p. 301.

— — Blacltw., Ibid., second series, vol. ix. p. 19.

Length of the male, T ’ 6 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th ; length of an anterior leg, 5 |ths ; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The cephalo-thorax is slightly compressed and prominent before, rounded on the sides,
convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line, and is of a yellowish-brown colour.
The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose
anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are almost contiguous; the
posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones are the smallest of the
eight. The falces are powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillge are enlarged where the
palpi are inserted, the exterior angle, at their extremity, is curvilinear, and they are inclined
a little towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts have
a reddish-brown hue, the lip being the darkest. The legs are moderately long, provided
with hairs and slender spines, and have a yellowish-brown tint; the first pair is the longest,
then the second, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws;
the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base.
The palpi resemble the legs in colour ; the cubital and radial joints are short, the latter being
much the stronger; the digital joint is oval, with a lobe on the outer side; it is convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,
very complicated in structure, and of a red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, glossy,
sparingly clothed with hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax;
the upper part is of a yellowish-white colour, with a series of obscure, dark, angular lines,
whose vertices are directed forwards, extending along the middle, those on its anterior half
being the least conspicuous; the sides and under part have a pale, yellowish-brown tint; the

LINYPHIA.

243

branchial opercula are of a dark, yellowish-brown colour, and between them there is a promi¬
nent, transverse fold.

An adult male of this Linyphia was discovered among grass in a pasture at Oakland in
September, 1845.

Linyphia furva.

Linyphia furva, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 663.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 19.

Length of the female, pth of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ith.

The cephalo-thorax is somewhat oval, slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides,
convex and glossy, with an indentation in the medial line; the falces are long, powerful,
conical, divergent at the extremity, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillae are strong, straight,
convex underneath, and somewhat quadrate, with the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvi¬
linear ; the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts have a very dark-
brown hue, approaching to black, the falces and maxillae being the palest. The legs and
palpi are long, slender, provided with hairs and erect spines, and of a yellowish-brown colour,
the latter being the darker. The first pair of legs is the longest, then the second, and the
third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones
are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The four inter¬
mediate eyes form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral
pair are almost contiguous ; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the ante¬
rior ones the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over
the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black
colour; a small, prominent, cylindrical process is connected with the posterior margin of the
sexual organs; and the branchial opercula have a brown tint.

The male is rather smaller than the female, but it does not differ from her materially in
colour. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, the latter, which is much the
stronger, being produced on the inner side ; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a promi¬
nent lobe on the inner side, near its extremity; it is convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure,
with two contiguous, black, spiral spines, enveloped in delicate membrane, at their extremity,
and are of a dark, reddish-brown colour.

In May, 1838, both sexes of this spider were detected under stones in a moist pasture
at Oakland.

244

LINYPHIID^E.

Linyphia obscura. PL XVII, fig. 162.

Linyphia obscura , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 665.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., torn, iv, p. 499.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 19.

Length of the male, 4th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 4th, breadth, 4th;
breadth of the abdomen, 4th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, 4th.

The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those
of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle, and are contiguous; the posterior eyes
of the trapezoid are much the largest, and the anterior ones are the smallest of the eight.
The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before and rounded on the sides, which are
marked with slight furrows converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces
are conical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum,
which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are strong, gibbous underneath, pointed*at the extremity,
on the inner side, and encompass the lip, w r hich is semicircular and prominent at the apex.
These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the cephalo-thorax, which is the darkest, being
almost black, and the maxillae are the palest. The legs are long, provided with hairs and
erect spines, and of a yellowish-brown hue, slightly tinged with red; the first pair is the
longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three
claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near
its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, with the exception of the digital joint, which
has a dark-brown tint; the cubital and radial joints are short, a long, slender bristle being
connected with the extremity of the former, in front; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with
a projection on the outer side, and a conical, slightly curved, acute process, directed upwards,
at its base; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs,
which are highly developed, and very complicated in structure, having on the outer side of
the upper part a curved, corneous process, bifid at its extremity, an obtuse, glossy protube¬
rance lower down, and a long, acute spine directed downwards and outwards; they are of a
dark, red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of
the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue; and
the colour of the branchial opercula is dark-brown.

Males of this spider, having the palpal organs fully developed, were taken in June, 1836,
on rails at Oakland.

Some individuals have a series of obscure, transverse, slightly curved lines on the upper
part of the abdomen, an oblique spot on each side of its anterior extremity, and a line extend¬
ing along each side of a yellowish-white colour. An adult male, captured by Mr. Wintle,
near Gloucester, in 1860, and received from the Rev. O. P. Cambridge in the autumn of the
same year, had its abdomen marked with yellowish-white lines and spots.

LINYPHIA.

245

Linyphia gracilis. PI. XVII, fig. 163.

Linyphia gracilis , Black w., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 666.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 499.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 19.

Length of the male, ~rth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, g 5 nd ;
breadth of the abdomen, ggth; length of an anterior leg, gth; length of a leg of the third
pair, ggth.

The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before and rounded on the sides,
which are marked with furrows converging towards an indentation in the medial line. The
falces are moderately powerful, conical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and
inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped, convex, glossy, and provided with some
scattered hairs. The maxillae are strong, enlarged at the base, where the palpi are inserted,
and slightly inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular, and prominent at the apex. The
colour of the cephalo-thorax, sternum, and lip is brown-black, and that of the falces and
maxillae brown, faintly tinged with red. The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose
anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle,
and are contiguous; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the anterior ones
much the smallest of the eight. The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and erect
spines, and of a pale-brown colour tinged with red; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ;
the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base.
The palpi are short, and resemble the legs in colour, with the exception of the digital joint,
which is darker; the radial joint is much stronger than the cubital; the digital joint is oval,
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly
developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with a small, glossy protuberance on the outer
side, near the base, and a fine spine at the extremity, enveloped in delicate membrane, and
curved into a circular form; they are of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital
joints are directed towards each other. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-
black hue; and the colour of the branchial opercula is dull-brown. Some individuals have a
series of obscure, angular lines of a brownish hue, whose vertices are directed forwards,
extending along the middle of the upper part of the abdomen.

Mature males of Linyphia gracilis were found on rails near Crumpsall Hall in
November, 1836.

246

LINYPHIIDiE.

Linyphia tenella. PI. XVII, fig. 164.

Linyphia tenella , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xiii,
p. 177.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. xiv, p. 31.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, #h, breadth, ^nd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, gth; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line ; the
falces are conical, vertical, and armed with minute teeth on the inner surface; the maxillse
are straight, with the exterior angle, at the extremity, curvilinear. These parts have a brown
tint, with the exception of the lateral margins of the cephalo-thorax, which are black. The
lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex; and the sternum is convex, glossy, and heart-
shaped. Both these parts have a very dark-brown hue. The eyes are seated on black spots;
those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are contiguous, and
the anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are seated on a slight
protuberance, and are the smallest and darkest of the eight. The legs are long, slender,
provided with hairs and fine spines, and have a light, yellowish-red tint; the first pair is the
longest, the second pair slightly surpasses the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The
abdomen is oviform, pointed at the spinners, sparingly supplied with short hairs, glossy,
convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is of a dull, olive-green
hue, the under part being the darkest, and along the middle of the upper part there extends
a very obscure series of angular lines of a deeper shade, having their vertices directed
forwards ; the sexual organs present two parallel, convex, glossy prominences of a red-brown
colour.

An adult female of this Linyphia was received from Mr. R. H. Meade in September, and
an immature one from the Rev. Hamlet Clark in October, 1853.

Linyphia circumspecta. PI. XVII, fig. 165.

Linyphia circumspecta, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol.
xiii, p. 177.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. xiv, p. 32.

Length of the male, nth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, <^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, 5 gth; length of an anterior leg, isths '> length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

LINYPHIA.

247

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose
anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a minute
tubercle, and are contiguous; the posterior eyes of the trapezoid are the largest, and the
anterior ones the smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with
slight furrows on the sides converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces
are conical, armed with a few small teeth on the inner surface, and somewhat inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillm are enlarged where the
palpi are inserted, and slightly inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular, and prominent
at the apex. The legs are long, slender, and provided with hairs and fine spines; the first
pair is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is ter¬
minated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and minutely pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base. These parts are of a yellowish-brown colour; the
sternum, lip, and lateral margins of the cephalo-thorax are the darkest, the legs much
the palest, and the falces and maxillae are faintly tinged with red. The palpi resemble the
legs in colour, with the exception of the digital joint, which has a brown hue; the cubital
and radial joints are short, the latter being the stronger ; the digital joint is oval, with a
depressed, curved process at the base, on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally,
concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, with a
black, filiform spine at the extremity, curved in a circular form, and are of a red-brown
colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other. The abdomen
is oviform, pointed at the spinners, thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, convex above, and
projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a yellowish-brown colour, the under
part being much the darkest; and has an obscure series of dark, angular lines, whose vertices
are directed forwards, extending along the middle of the upper part; between the branchial
opercula there is a rather prominent, transverse fold.

In the autumn of 1853 males of this species, having their palpal organs fully developed,
were discovered among herbage growing in woods about Oakland.

Linyphia flavipes. Ph XVII, fig. 166.

Linyphia flavipes, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xiii,
p. 178.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. xiv, p. 32.

Length of the female, ~th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, Jjths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and fine spines, and of a pale-yellowish
colour faintly tinged with brown; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and the third
pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are
curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi
have a brown-black tint. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on

33

248

LINYPHIIDiE.

the sides converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces are conical, armed
with a few teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad,
convex, glossy, and heart-shaped ; the maxillae are straight, with the exterior angle at the
extremity curvilinear; and the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts
are of a brownish-black hue, the falces and maxillae being faintly tinged with red. The four
intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each
lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle, and are nearly contiguous; the anterior eyes of
the trapezoid are placed on a slight protuberance, and are the smallest and darkest of the
eight. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and is of a brownish-black colour, that of the sexual
organs being reddish-brown. Some individuals have an obscure series of slightly angular
lines of a pale-brown hue, whose vertices are directed forwards, extending along the upper
part of the abdomen.

The sexes closely resemble each other in colour, but the legs of the male are longer and
have a yellower tint than those of the female. The radial joint of its palpi is stronger than
the cubital, and somewhat produced in front; the digital joint is oval, with a lobe on the
outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs,
which are highly developed, protuberant, complicated in structure, with a curved, prominent
process near the base, on the outer side, a few very short, pointed ones at the extremity, and
are of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each
other.

Both sexes of Linyphia Jlavipes, in a state of maturity, were found among moss in woods
at Oakland, in the summer of 1853; and in the spring of 1854, adult females were taken by
the Rev. Hamlet Clark in Norfolk.

Genus NERIENE (. BlacJcw .).

Eyes disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows; the
four intermediate ones describe a trapezoid whose shortest side is before, and those of
each lateral pair, which are contiguous or nearly so, are placed obliquely on a tubercle.

Maxilla strong, dilated at the extremity, and inclined or curved towards the lip.

Lip semicircular, or truncated at the extremity.

Legs moderately long and robust; the anterior and posterior pairs, which are the longest,
are equal in length or nearly so, and the third pair is the shortest.

NERIENE.

249

Neriene marginata. PL XVII, fig. 167.

Neriene marginata, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii,

p. 188.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zooi., p. 363, pi. 3, figs. 6, 7.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 19.

Length of the female, gth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th; length of an anterior leg, 1th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The legs are provided with erect spines and are of a reddish-brown colour, with annuli
of a darker hue; the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated
by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is
inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the- legs in colour, and have a slightly curved
claw at their extremity. The cephalo-thorax is long, oval, convex, glossy, somewhat elevated
before, where the eyes are seated, and has an indentation in the medial line ; the falces are
strong, conical, rather divergent at the extremity, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and
inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are enlarged at the
extremity, and slightly inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the
apex. These parts have a brownish-black tint. The two intermediate eyes of the posterior
row are the largest of the eight, and with those of the anterior row, which are the smallest,
form’ a trapezoid whose shortest side is before. The abdomen is oviform, convex above,
projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; the upper part is of a brownish-black colour,
bordered by a dentated band of a pale-brown hue, thickly spotted with white, which passes
above the spinners, but whose continuity is interrupted in front by a black bar intersecting it
at right angles; a series of curved, angular lines, of a pale-brown colour, minutely spotted
with white, extends along the middle ; the convex sides of these lines are towards each other,
and their vertices are directed forwards; the sides and under part have a brownish-black tint,
and are marked with a few white spots, four minute ones, w r hich describe a large quadrangle,
occurring on the latter; the sexual organs are prominent; and the colour of the branchial
opercula is dark red-brown.

The figure of the male is slighter than that of the female, and its abdomen is more
cylindrical; its colours also are darker, the design formed on the abdomen by their distribu¬
tion being sometimes almost obliterated, a white spot on each side of the upper part of its
anterior extremity presenting the only trace of it. Its falces have one tooth on the inner
surface much larger than the rest, and there are two protuberances at the base of each, in
front, the larger being situated on the inner side and the smaller near the middle. The colour
of its palpi is brownish-black, with the exception of the axillary and base of the humeral joint ?
which have a reddish tint; the axillary joint has a conical process at its extremity, on the
under side; the cubital and radial joints are short, and the latter, which is much the stronger.

250

LINYPHIIDtE.

is fringed with long hairs on the outer side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are highly developed,
complicated in structure, with a prominent, curved, scale-like process on the inner side,
which terminates in a*point directed obliquely downwards and outwards, and a spiral spine
at their extremity, at whose base there is an expanded, projecting, transparent membrane,
slightly fringed at its margin; they are of a brownish-black colour. The legs of old males
are frequently of a red hue, without annuli.

This species constructs snares, similar in design to those of the Linyphia, among grass
growing in and near woods in Lancashire, Denbighshire, and Berwickshire. It has also
been met with in Devonshire by Miss Ellen Clayton, and Mr. R. H. Meade has captured it in
Yorkshire. The sexes arrive at maturity in autumn, and are sometimes abundant in localities
suited to their habits. If this spider be compared with LinypMa maryinata it will immediately
be seen how easy the transition is from the genus Linypliia to that of Neriene .

Neriene bicolor. PI. XVII, fig. 168.

Neriene bicolor , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii, p. 344.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zook, p. 366.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist,, second series, vol. ix, p. 20.

Length of the female, 3 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, kth, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, T ^th; length of an anterior leg, ?th; length of a leg of the third
pair, 3 th.

The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before and rounded on the sides, with
an indentation in the medial line ; the falces are robust, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth
on the inner surface; the maxillae are enlarged at the extremity, and slightly inclined towards
the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the sternum is heart-shaped ; the
legs are provided with erect spines, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base; the palpi have a curved claw at their extremity.
These parts have a red-brown colour, the sternum, lip, maxillae, and margins of the cephalo-
thorax being the darkest, and the eyes are seated on black spots. The abdomen is oviform,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs,
glossy, and of a brownish-black hue.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is rather smaller than the female, and has
some slender bristles, curved forwards, on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax. The
cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short; the former has a fine bristle at its extremity, in
front, and the latter, which is the stronger, has a small protuberance on the outer side of the
upper part fringed with long bristles; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a large,
obtuse process at its base, and a prominent lobe on its outer side ; it is convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,

NERISNE.

251

complicated in structure, with a crescent-shaped process at the upper part, on the outer side,
a small, bifid one at the extremity, and are of a dark red-brown colour.

Neriene bicolor is common in many parts of England, Wales, and Scotland. It appears
to prefer well-wooded districts, constructing among grass a snare similar to that of Neriene
marginata. Not unfrequently it may be found on rails, or concealed under stones partially
imbedded in earth. The male has the palpal organs developed in autumn.

Neriene rufipes.

Neriene rufipes , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii, p. 345.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 368.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 20.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ith ; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, somewhat depressed and rounded before,
and has a small indentation in the medial line ; the falces are powerful, conical, provided
with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-
shaped ; the maxillae are enlarged at the extremity, and inclined towards the lip, which is
semicircular and prominent at the apex; the legs are provided with hairs and a few spines,
and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three
claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base; the palpi have a curved claw at their extremity. These parts are of a light
red-brown colour, the falces, sternum, lip, and maxillae being the darkest, and the eyes are
seated on black spots. The abdomen is oviform, moderately convex above, projecting over
the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-
black hue; and the branchial opercula, which are large, have a yellowish-white tint.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is rather the smaller. The humeral joint
of its palpi is enlarged at the extremity; the cubital and radial joints are short; the former,
which is the larger, has a few long bristles at its extremity, in front, and the latter has an
obtuse process on the under side of the upper part; the digital joint is oval, with a small
protuberance at its base, on the inner side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complex with spine-like processes,
and of a dark red-brown colour.

Specimens of this spider were obtained in 1832, under stones and on rails in the town¬
ship of Crumpsall. In June the female fabricates several globular cocoons of yellowish-white
silk of a slight texture, which she attaches to the inferior surface of stones; the largest of
them measures gth of an inch in diameter, and contains about fifty spherical eggs of a
yellowish-white colour, not adherent among themselves.

252

LINYPHIIDiE.

Neriene livida. PI. XVIII, fig. 169.

Neriene livida, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii, p. 486.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 20.

Length of the female, gth of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, fth.

The legs, which are robust, are provided with hairs and fine spines, and the anterior and
posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two
superior ones are curved and deeply pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base ;
the palpi have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity; the cephalo-thorax is oval,
convex, glossy, with furrows on the sides converging towards an indentation in the medial
line; the falces are powerful, conical, convex in front, near the base, armed with a few small
teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped;
the maxillse are strong, convex underneath, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular
and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a red-brown colour, the lip, maxillae, falces,
and anterior part of the cephalo-thorax being the darkest. The abdomen is oviform, convex
above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and is rather broader at the posterior
than at the anterior extremity; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a yellowish-
brown colour tinged with black; and the branchial opercula have a pale-yellow hue. After
the female has deposited her eggs the abdomen acquires a brown-black tint.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female. The humeral joint of its
palpi is curved towards the cephalo-thorax; the cubital and radial joints are short, the latter
having two obtuse apophyses at its extremity, the larger situated on the outer and the
smaller on the inner side ; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure,
and of a dark red-brown colour.

This species is plentiful in the valley of the Conway, where it conceals itself under
stones; and in December, 1848, an adult male was received from Mr. J. Hardy, who took it
in Berwickshire. In July the female spins several globular cocoons of white silk of a slight
texture, attaching them to some depression in the stone selected for her retreat; the largest
of these cocoons measures ±th of an inch in diameter, and comprises about thirty spherical
eggs of a pale yellowish-white colour, not agglutinated together.

NERIENE.

253

Neriene furva.

Neriene furva , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii, p. 486.
— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 20.

Length, of the male, |th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th ; length of an anterior leg, gth; length of a leg of the third
pair, jth.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides converging
towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, vertical, convex
in front, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are enlarged at the base,
where the palpi are inserted, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and
prominent at the apex ; and the sternum is heart-shaped. These parts are of a dark-brown
hue slightly tinged with red, the sternum, lip, and anterior part of the cephalo-thorax being
the darkest. The legs, which are robust, have a red tint, and the anterior and posterior
pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones
are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble
the legs in colour; the cubital and radial joints are short, the former, which is the stronger,
being convex in front; the latter has two apophyses at its extremity; one, situated in
front, terminates in a point, and has a small, acute process on the inner side ; and the other,
which occurs underneath, has a pointed process on the outer side; the digital joint is oval,
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are
highly developed, complicated in structure, with a corneous process at the upper part, curved
outwards, and are of a dark red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above,
projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and
of a brownish-black hue; and the colour of the branchial opercula is pale yellowish-white.

An adult male of this spider was discovered under a fragment of rock in a wood at
Oakland, in June 1835.

Neriene errans. PI. XVIII, fig. 170.

Neriene errans, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 643.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 20.

Argus — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 511.

Length of the female, |th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ~th
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, T 3 5 ths; length of a leg of the third
air, -*th.

The eyes are small. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in

254

LINYPHIIME.

the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, convex in front, near the base, armed with
teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped; the
maxilla* are strong, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the
apex. These parts are of a brown colour, the sternum being the palest, and the falces,
maxillae, and lip having a tinge of red. The legs are long, provided with hairs and a few fine
spines, and of a pale red-brown hue; the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The
abdomen is oviform, rather convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax;
it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish colour faintly tinged with green, and
has a series of obscure, angular lines of a pale yellowish-brown hue, whose vertices are
directed forwards, extending along the middle of the upper part; the sexual organs have a
dark red-brown tint; and the colour of the branchial opercula is dull yellowish-brown.

The male is rather smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. The cubital
and radial joints of its palpi are short, the latter being much the stronger; the digital joint is
somewhat oval, with a large lobe on the outer side, near the upper part; it is convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,
complicated in structure, with several curved, pointed, prominent processes at the extremity,
one or two of which are enveloped in delicate membrane, and are of a red-brown colour.

Neriene errans is not uncommon among grass and on rails in North Wales and in the
south of Lancashire.

Neriene sylvatica.

Neriene sylvatica , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 644.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 21.

Length of the male, §th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, Ath; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The eyes are seated on black spots. The cephalo-thorax is oval, slightly convex, glossy,
rather prominent before, where the eyes are situated, and marked with furrows on the sides
converging towards a large indentation in the medial line; the falces are moderately strong,
conical, provided with a few teeth on the inner surface, and a longitudinal row of exceedingly
short, fine spines in front, near the outer side; they are inclined towards the sternum, which
is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillae are very gibbous near the base, and incline towards
the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the legs are slender, and provided
with hairs and fine, erect spines. These parts are of a brown hue; the legs, which are the
palest, and the falces, maxillae, and lip, which are the darkest, have a tinge of red. The
anterior and posterior pairs of legs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three
claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near

NERIENE.

255

its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour ; the cubital and radial joints are short; the
former has a long bristle at its extremity in front, and the latter, which is the stronger, is
gibbous underneath at the base; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a bold, conical pro¬
tuberance at the upper part in front, and a prominent lobe on the outer side; it is convex
and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed
and complicated in structure; a strong, curved, obtuse process, slightly serrated on its
exterior edge, is situated on the outer side of the upper part; another curved process, whose
point is enveloped in membrane, extends from the upper part to the extremity of the joint,
and within its curvature a small, dentated spine occurs; these organs are of a red-brown
colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue ; and the colour
of the branchial opercula is pale-yellow.

Adult males of this species were taken in February, 1837, under detached pieces of rock,
slightly imbedded in earth, in woods about Llanrwst.

Neriene viaria. PI. XVIII, fig. 171.

Neriene viaria , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 645.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 21.

Argus viarius, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., t. iv, p. 512.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 5 ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, <^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths ; length of a leg of the third
pair, §th.

The anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are much the
smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, moderately convex, glossy, with slight
furrows on the sides, converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces are
powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, rather divergent at the extremity,
and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad, convex, and heart-shaped; the maxillae are
inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the legs are
provided with hairs and a few slender spines, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in
length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and
pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. These parts are of a brown colour,
the margins of the cephalo-thorax and the lip being the darkest, and the legs and maxillae
the palest. The palpi resemble the legs in colour; the cubital and radial joints are short;
the former, which is the stronger, has some long hairs at its extremity in front, and the latter
is gibbous underneath at the base ; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a large lobe on
the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal
organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, very prominent, and of a
reddish-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of
the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a dark-brown hue,
approaching to black; and the colour of the branchial opercula is pale, yellowish-brown.

34

250

LINYPHIIILE.

A male of this spider, which had the palpal organs perfectly developed, was found
running on a footpath at Oakland in May, 1838.

Neriene pulla.

Neriene pulla , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 646.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 21.

Argus pullus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 512.

Length of the male, Ath of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ±th, breadth, Ath;
breadth of the abdomen, Ath; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, A^h.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides, converging
towards an indentation in the medial line, and its colour is dark-brown. The falces are strong,
conical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and somewhat inclined towards the
sternum ; the maxillae are powerful, and inclined towards the lip, which is quadrate. These
parts have a dark, reddish-brown tint. The sternum is heart-shaped, glossy, and of a brown
colour, with very minute spots of a darker hue. The legs have a reddish-brown tint, and
the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length ; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ;
the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its
base. The palpi are of a red-brown colour, with the exception of the digital joint, which has
a dark-brown tint; the humeral joint is curved towards the cephalo-thorax, and the cubital
and radial joints are short, the latter having a large process, rounded at its extremity, on the
outer and a smaller one on the inner side; the digital joint is oval, hairy and very convex
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, com¬
plicated in structure, and of a red-brown hue. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, pro¬
jecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, and of a yellowish-
brown colour, with numerous minute spots and fine streaks of a deeper shade ; and the
branchial opercula have a pale-yellow tint.

Males of Neriene pulla, in a state of maturity, w r ere captured in June, 1836, on rails near
Llanrwst.

Neriene gracilis. PI. XVIII, fig. 172.

Neri'ene gracilis , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 646.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 21.

Argus — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 512.

Length of the female, Ath of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, A n d ;
breadth of the abdomen, Ath; length of an anterior leg, |th ; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

NERIENE.

257

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line; the
falces are powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the
sternum, which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are strong, and inclined towards the lip, which
is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a brownish-black colour.
The legs are slender, provided with hairs and a few fine, erect spines, and have a pale, reddish-
brown tint; the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length ; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The palpi have a dark-greenish hue. The abdomen is slender, oviform, and
projects a little over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, and of a
brownish-black colour ; and the branchial opercula have a dark-brown tint.

The male closely resembles the female in colour, but its falces and maxillae are tinged
with red, and the former, which are divergent at the extremity, have a small process in front,
near the articulation of the fang. The humeral joint of the palpi is curved towards the
cephalo-thorax, and has a row of hairs, directed forwards, extending along its upper part;
the cubital and radial joints are short; the latter, which is much the stronger, is slightly
elongated in front, and has a small, pointed process on the outer side, near its extremity ;
the digital joint is somewhat oval, having at the upper part a bold prominence, indented on
the outer side, and a curved, conical protuberance on the inner side ; it is convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, com¬
plicated in structure, prominent, and of a dark, reddish-brown colour.

Both sexes of this species w’ere taken on rails at Crumpsall Hall, near Manchester, and
at Cap el Garmon, in the parish of Llanrwst, Denbighshire, in the autumn of 1836.

Neriene VAGANS. PL XVIII, fig. 173.

Neriene vagans, Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 374.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 21.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, gth; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are very minute
and near to each other. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, somewhat depressed
before, where the eyes are situated, and has a slight indentation in the medial line ; the falces
are strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined a little towards the
sternum, which is convex and heart-shaped; the maxillae are enlarged at the base, where the
palpi are inserted, slightly so at the extremity, and inclined towards the lip, which is semi¬
circular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the lip being
the darkest. The legs have a red-brown tint, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal
in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and
pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs

258

LINYPHIIDiE.

in colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-
thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a black hue, and the colour of the
branchial opercula is yellowish-brown.

The male resembles the female in colour. The humeral joint of its palpi is long; the
cubital joint is rather long, clavate, slightly curved downwards, and has a row of hairs,
directed forwards, extending along its upper part; the radial joint, which is short and strong,
has an obtuse apophysis underneath, and a long one in front, towards the inner side, curved
upwards and outwards at its extremity, which is somewhat enlarged and rounded; the digital
joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; they
are moderately developed, with several curved processes at the extremity, and are of a brown-
black colour.

This is an aeronautic spider, and is very common among the grass of meadows and
pastures in North Wales and in Lancashire.

Neriene dentata. PI. XYIII, fig. 174.

Theridion dentatum, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 229, taf. 15, fig. 8.

Argus dentatus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 354.

Length of the male, Toth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th; length of an anterior leg, |th ; length of a leg of the third
pair, T gth.

The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those
of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a small tubercle, and are almost contiguous; the
lateral eyes are the largest, and the two anterior ones of the trapezoid are the smallest and
darkest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, glossy, convex, particularly in the cephalic
region, where it is supplied with some long, hoary hairs directed forwards, and has a slight
indentation in the medial line ; the falces are conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface,
and a prominent, pointed process in front, near the middle, towards the inner side; they
have numerous, minute, pointed protuberances in front and on the outer side, and are slightly
inclined towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillae are enlarged
where the palpi are inserted, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and pro¬
minent at the apex. These parts have a dark-brown colour, the falces and maxillae, which
are the palest, being tinged with red. The legs have a pale, brownish-yellow tint; they are
provided with hairs and a few fine spines, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in
length ; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is
inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour; the cubital joint is strong
and clavate, and projects a short, conical apophysis from its extremity on the outer side;
the radial joint is somewhat produced at its extremity on the inner side, and has a long,
curved apophysis on the outer side, which terminates in a point in front of the digital joint;
this last joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal

NERIENE.

■ 259

organs, which are highly developed, very prominent, and complicated in structure, having a
large, scale-like process on the outer side, extending beyond the end of the joint, and a filiform,
curved, black spine on the inner side, which passes under the radial apophysis and along the
margin of the scale-like process to its point; the colour of these organs is reddish and
yellowish-brown intermixed. The abdomen is oviform, hairy, convex above, projecting over
the base of the cephalo-thorax, and has a brownish-black hue ; that of the branchial opercula
being dull-yellow.

According to M. Wider, the female is without the prominent, pointed process near the
middle of each falx, in front; it may also be distinguished from the male by the sexual
organs and the structure of the palpi.

Early in May, 1854, adult males of this species, which has all the characteristics of a
Neriene , were taken by the Rev. Hamlet Clark in Norfolk.

Neriene affinis. PI. XVIII, fig. 175.

Neriene affinis, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xvi,

p. 121.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, -^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th ; length of a posterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The legs are provided with hairs, and have a bright, yellowish-red tint; the fourth pair
is the longest, then the first, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The palpi are long, and resemble the legs in colour, but are somewhat paler ;
the humeral joint is slightly curved towards the cephalo-thorax, and the cubital and radial
joints are clavate, the former having a conical, pointed process projecting at right angles
from its extremity on the under side, and the latter a very minute, bifid, black apophysis at
its extremity in front; the digital joint is small, oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are moderately developed, not very complicated
in structure, and of a pale, red-brown colour. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy,
with slight furrows on the sides, converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the
falces are powerful, subconical, vertical, convex at the base in front, divergent at the
extremity, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and have a conical, tooth-like process near
the middle, towards the inner side, and numerous minute, pointed prominences in front; the
maxillae are convex at the base, enlarged where the palpi are inserted, and at the extremity,*
which has a pointed process on the outer side, and incline towards the lip, which is semicir¬
cular and prominent at the apex; and the sternum is broad, glossy, and heart-shaped. These
parts have a reddish-brown colour, the lip and anterior part of the cephalo-thorax being much
the darkest. The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid, the two anterior ones, which
constitute its shortest side, being the smallest and darkest of the eight, and those of each

260

LINYPHIIDiE.

lateral pair are seated obliquely on a small tubercle, and are almost in contact. The abdomen
is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-
thorax; it has a dark-olive hue, the under part being the palest, and the colour of the
branchial opercula is yellow ; along the middle of the upper part there extends a series of
obscure, curved, grayish lines, whose convexity is directed forwards; and two indentations
occur on each side of the medial line, the posterior pair being rather the wider apart.

Two adult males of this species were received from Mr. R. H. Meade, in June, 1855, one
of which had been taken in the vicinity of Burton-on-Trent and the other at Hornsea, near
the east coast of Yorkshire, in the preceding year.

Neriene Huthwaitii. PI. XYIII, fig. 176.

Neriene Huthwaitii, Camb., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. vii,
p. 436.

Length of the male, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, -j^jths.

The legs, which are moderately long and provided with hairs, have a brownish-yellow
hue; the first and fourth pairs are the longest and equal in length, and the third pair is the
shortest ; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and
minutely pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the
legs in colour; the radial is much longer than the cubital joint, and clavate; the digital joint
is small, oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs,
which are neither highly developed nor very complicated in structure; they have a straight,
black spine at their extremity, and are of a yellowish-brown colour. The cephalo-thorax is
oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides, converging towards an indentation in
the medial line; the falces are long, powerful, conical, vertical, convex in front near the base,
divergent at the extremity, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are
obliquely truncated at the extremity on the outer side, and inclined towards the lip. These
parts are of a yellowish-brown colour, the falces being the darkest, the maxillae the palest,
and the narrow, lateral margins of the cephalo-thorax having a brown hue. The lip is semi¬
circular and prominent at the apex ; and the sternum is broad, glossy, and heart-shaped.
These parts are of a dark-brown colour. The eyes are seated on black spots on the anterior
part of the cephalo-thorax ; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid, the two anterior ones,
which are the smallest and darkest of the eight, constituting its shortest side; the eyes of
each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are contiguous. The abdomen
* is oviform, hairy, moderately convex above, and projects a little over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; it is of a dark, greenish-brown colour, that of the branchial opercula being dull-yellow.

An adult male of this species, received from the Rev. O. P. Cambridge in the autumn
of 1860, was taken in the summer of the same year at Calke Abbey, in Derbyshire, by
Mr. Huthwaite.

NERIENE.

261

Neriene pygm^a. PI. XVIII, fig. 177.

Neriene pygmcea, Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 376.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 21.

Length of the female, nth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ,th; length of a leg of the third
pair, isth.

The legs have a bright-rufous tint; they are provided with hairs and fine spines, and the
anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws;
the two superior ones are curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex,
glossy, somewhat depressed on the sides, and has a small indentation in the medial line. The
falces are strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined
towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped. The maxilhe are enlarged at the extremity, and
inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. The cephalo-
thorax, sternum, and lip, have a brown colour, that of the falces and maxillae being dark,
reddish-brown. The abdomen is oviform, projecting a little over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; it is sparingly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue; and the colour
of the branchial opercula is brown.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male may easily be distinguished from the female
by its palpi. The cubital and radial joints are short, the latter, which is much the stronger,
being prominent in front; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure,
and of a dark, reddish-brown colour.

Neriene pygmcea is plentiful among the grass of old pastures in Lancashire and North
Wales, and may frequently be seen running on rails and on footpaths.

Neriene lugubris,

Neriene lugubris , Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 380.

_ — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 21.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, jjth.

The palpi have a brown-black hue; the cubital and radial joints are short, the latter,
which is much the stronger, having an obtuse apophysis underneath, and a larger one in front,

262

LINYPHIIDHS.

curved outwards, and somewhat pointed at its extremity; the digital joint is oval, and has a
bold protuberance near its base on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure,
with a strong process curved downwards from the .outer side of the upper part, and are of a
reddish-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other.
The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, rather prominent before, where the eyes are
situated, depressed on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial line; the falces are
strong, conical, armed with small teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the
sternum, which is convex and heart-shaped; the maxillae are robust, and inclined towards the
lip, which is semicircular, and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a brownish-black
colour. The legs have a red-brown tint, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in
length ; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and
minutely pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The abdomen is oviform,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs,
and has a black hue, with the exception of the branchial opercula, which are of a dark-
brown colour.

In June, 1834, adult males of this species were captured on iron rails at Crumpsall

Hall.

Neriene saxatilis.

Neriene saxatilis, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 183.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 22.

Length of the male, T ’ 5 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 5 ? th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ~th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line; the
falces are strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the
sternum, which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are inclined towards the lip, which is semi¬
circular and prominent at the apex; the legs are slender, and the anterior and posterior pairs
are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are
curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. These parts, with the
palpi, are of a brown colour, the sternum and lip being the darkest, and the legs much the
palest. The radial joint of the palpi is larger than the cubital, and projects from its
extremity in front a pointed apophysis, which is curved outwards; the digital joint is some¬
what oval, with a bold protuberance at its base, which is deeply indented on the outer side;
it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs
are highly developed, complicated in structure, and of a reddish-brown colour. The abdomen
is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed
with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue; that of the branchial opercula being brown.

NERIENE.

263

A male of this Neriene , having the palpal organs fully developed, was discovered among
loose fragments of rock in a wood at Hendre House, near Llanrwst, in June, 1841.

Neriene avida.

Neriene avida , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 185.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 22.

Length of the female, Ath of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, A n d ;
breadth of the abdomen, Ath; length of an anterior leg, gth; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are the smallest of
the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a small indentation in the medial
line; the falces are powerful, conical, rather divergent at the extremity, armed with teeth on
the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the
maxillae are strong, enlarged where the palpi are inserted, and inclined towards the lip, which
is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the legs are provided with hairs, and the anterior
and posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two
superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. These
parts, with the palpi, have a brown hue ; the legs and palpi, which are the palest, and the
falces, maxillae, and extremity of the lip, having a tinge of red. The abdomen is oviform,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with
hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black colour; an obtuse process is connected with the
anterior margin of the sexual organs; and the branchial opercula have a yellowish-
brown tint.

The male is rather smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. The anterior
part of its cephalo-thorax is somewhat gibbous, and immediately behind each lateral pair of
eyes there is a small indentation. The radial joint of the palpi is larger than the cubital, and
projects a pointed apophysis from its extremity, in front; the digital joint is somewhat oval;
its base is slender and curved outwards, and there is a lobe near the middle of its outer side;
it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are
highly developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with a bold projection near the base,
on the inner side, and a long, black, convoluted, filiform spine, enveloped in membrane,
extending from the upper part beyond their extremity; they are of a reddish-brown colour.

Males and females of this spider were found on rails at Oakland in April, 1839.

Neriene timida.

Neriene timida, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 183.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 22..

3 5

264

LINYPHIID^E.

Length of the female, ~th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ~th, breadth, ^nd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, -rsth.

The legs have a pale, reddish-brown tint, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in
length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pecti¬
nated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour.
The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, depressed on the sides, and has a small indentation
in the medial line ; the falces are powerful, conical, rather divergent at the extremity, armed
with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-
shaped ; the maxillae are strong, enlarged where the palpi are inserted and at the extremity,
and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts
have a very dark-brown colour. The anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the
trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a black
hue, that of the branchial opercula being dark-brown.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is rather the smaller. The cubital and
radial joints of its palpi are short, the latter being much the stronger; the digital joint is oval,
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are
moderately developed, complicated in structure, with a short, prominent spine, enveloped in
membrane at their extremity, and are of a dark, reddish-brown colour.

Both sexes of this species were taken on rails at Oakland in April, 1841.

Neriene flavipes. PI. XVIII, fig. 178.

Neriene flavipes , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 182.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 22.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch, length of the cephalo-thorax, ^tli, breadth, ^nd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^nd; length of an anterior leg, £th; length of a leg of the third
pair, i 5 th.

The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid, whose anterior side is rather the shortest;
the two posterior ones are the largest, and the two anterior ones the smallest, of the eight.
The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a slight indentation in the medial line; the
falces are powerful, conical, divergent at the extremity, armed with a few minute teeth on the
inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is convex and heart-shaped; the
maxillae are strong, enlarged where the palpi are inserted, and inclined towards the lip, which
is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed with
hairs, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax. These parts have
a black hue. The legs have a dull-yellowish tint, and the anterior and posterior pairs are
equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved
and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi have a brownish-

NEEIENE.

265

black hue; the cubital and radial joints are short, the latter being much the stronger; the
digital joint is somewhat oval, with a bold, conical prominence in front, and a small one at the
base, on the inner side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, and of a dark, reddish-
brown colour.

In February, 1841, adult males of Neriene Jlavipes were captured on rails at Oakland.

Neriene parva. PL XVIII, fig. 179.

Neriene parva, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 647.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 22.

Argus minimus , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 512.

Length of the male, 5 5 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ggth, breadth, ? ' 5 th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, jfcth.

The cephalo-thorax is slightly compressed before, rounded on the sides, convex, glossy,
with an indentation in the medial line; the falces are conical, armed with teeth on the inner
surface, and a tooth-like process in front, near the extremity; they are inclined towards the
sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillae are strong, and inclined towards the
lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the legs are provided with hairs, and
the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws;
the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base.
These parts are of a brown colour, the falces and lip being the darkest. The palpi have a
brown hue, the radial joint being much the darkest; the cubital and radial joints are short;
the latter is produced in front, very prominent, and pointed, with a large process near its base,
on the inner side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a
prominent process at the upper part, on the outer side, one or two small, pointed ones at the
extremity, and are of a red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a dark-
brown colour; that of the branchial opercula being pale-yellow.

Specimens of this very minute spider were detected on rails at Oakland in January, 1837;
they were all males, and had the palpal organs perfectly developed.

Neriene munda. PI. XVIII, fig. 180.

Neriene munda, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 642.

— ■— Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 268.

Argus mundus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 511.

266

LINYPHIIDiE.

Length of the male, 5 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, £th; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are the smallest of
the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a slight indentation in the medial
line ; the falces are strong, conical, vertical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and have
a small, conical process towards the inner side of the extremity, in front; the maxillae are
powerful, greatly enlarged where the palpi are inserted, and inclined towards the lip, which
is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the sternum is broad and heart-shaped. These
parts are of a reddish-brown colour, the falces and maxillae being the reddest. The legs have
a pale-red hue, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is
terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, with the exception of
the digital joint, which has a reddish-brown tint; the cubital and radial joints are short; the
former is very strong and convex in front, and the latter projects three apophyses from its
extremity; the largest is situated on the outer side, the next on the inner side, and the smallest
underneath ; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, and of a reddish-
brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the
cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue, the colour
of the branchial opercula being yellowish-white. Some individuals have the abdomen of a
yellowish-brown hue.

The female is rather larger than the male. The anterior part of its cephalo-thorax is
tinged with brown, and its abdomen, which is of a dark-brown hue on the upper part, has a
brownish-yellow band extending along the middle, which is crossed, about one third of its
length from the anterior extremity, by a somewhat obscure band of the same hue; the colour
of the under part is brownish-yellow, and that of the sexual organs is dark, reddish-brown.

Adult males of this species occur in May and June among rank herbage growing in
woods about Llanrwst, and in 1840 specimens of the same sex were obtained by Miss Ellen
Clayton near Garstang, in Lancashire.

In the summer of 1860 both sexes, in a state of maturity, were found near Hendre House,
and also at Bloxworth, in Dorsetshire, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge.

Neriene tibialis.

Neriene tibialis, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii, p. 485.
— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 268.

Length of the male, T Vth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, g 6 th; length of an anterior leg, jth; length of a leg of the third
pair, 5 th.

NERIENE.

267

The legs have a red-brown hue; the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length, and
the tibiae of the former are disproportionally strong, having the appearance of being swollen ;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pecti¬
nated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex,
glossy, prominent but obtuse before, where the eyes are situated, and has an indentation in
the medial line; the falces are conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and somewhat
inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped. These parts, with the maxillae and lip,
have a brownish-black tint. The palpi are slender, and resemble the legs in colour; the cubital
joint is long and clavate; the radial joint is elongated before into a narrow, oval, hairy pro¬
cess, which extends obliquely across the upper part of the digital joint towards the inner side,
and is terminated by a short, acute spine, curved outwards; the digital joint is oval, convex
and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are highly
developed and complicated in structure, presenting several processes, one of which, situated
at the extremity, on the outer side, is curved in a circular form. The abdomen is oviform,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs,
glossy, and of a brownish-black colour; that of the branchial opercula being pale-yellow.

A few adult males of Neriene tibialis were taken in March, 1835, under stones at Oakland.

Neriene cornuta. PL XVIII, fig. 181.

Neriene cornuta , Blackw., Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii, p. 190.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 372.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 268.

Length of the female, p 0 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, #h, breadth, <^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th ; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is glossy, convex where the eyes are situated, compressed before, and
rounded on the sides, which are marked with furrows converging towards a large indentation
in the medial line; the falces are strong, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner
surface; the maxillae are inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the
apex; the sternum is convex and heart-shaped. These parts are of a very dark-brown colour,
the anterior region of the cephalo-thorax being almost black. The legs have a light, red-
brown tint, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated
by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the inferior one
is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is oviform,
rather convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is sparingly clothed
with short hairs, glossy, and of a black hue, that of the branchial opercula being pale-yellow.

The male does not differ from the female in colour, but the anterior part of its cephalo-
thorax is surmounted by two conical protuberances, directed forwards, before which the eyes

268

LiNYPHinm

are situated. The radial joint of its palpi is shorter than the cubital, and has three apophyses
at its extremity; one on the inner side, which is long, slender, curved, and pointed; a small
one in front, also curved and pointed; and a short, obtuse one underneath; the digital joint is
oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are
highly developed, complex, with spine-like processes, and of a dark, red-brown colour.

In May, 1833, males of this remarkable spider, which had acquired their full develop¬
ment, were discovered on rails and gates at Oakland, and both sexes have since been met with
in the same locality and at Crumpsall Hall.

Neriene bituberculata. PI. XYIII, fig. 182.

Theridion bituberculatum, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 222, taf. 15, fig. 2.

Argus bituber culatus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 363.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ~jtb ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, gth; length of a leg of the third
pair, T 5 th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, depressed at the base, with an indentation in
the medial line, and the anterior part, which is elevated, is surmounted by two large, parallel,
conical protuberances, directed forwards, having a prominent ridge on each side of their base ;
it is of a reddish-yellow colour, the conical protuberances being much the palest, and the
narrow, lateral margins and ridge on each side of the protuberances having a brown hue.
The eyes are small, and disposed in two transverse rows on the anterior part of the cephalo-
thorax, immediately below the conical protuberances, but high above the frontal margin; the
four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each
lateral pair are seated obliquely on a minute tubercle, and are almost in contact; the anterior
eyes of the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The falces are conical, vertical, and armed
with a few teeth on the inner surface; the maxillse are enlarged at the base, where the palpi
are inserted, pointed at the extremity, and strongly inclined towards the lip; the sternum is
broad, glossy, and heart-shaped; the legs are moderately long, and supplied with hairs; the
fourth pair is rather the longest, then the first, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus
is terminated by three small claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. These parts are of a reddish-yellow colour.
The lip is semicircular, prominent at the apex, and has a dark-brown hue. The palpi are
robust, and resemble the legs in colour, with the exception of the digital joint, which has a
brown hue; the cubital joint is clavate; the radial joint is short, and projects from its
extremity three apophyses; one, situated on the inner side, is long, slender, and curved out¬
wards ; another, on the outer side, is strong and obtuse, and between these there is a small,
dark-coloured one, which terminates in two minute, diverging points; the digital joint is oval,
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly
developed, complex in structure, with a black, filiform spine, curved in a circular form, and

NERIENE.

269

some prominent, whitish membrane at their extremity, and are of a red-brown colour. The
abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with short hairs, convex above, projecting over the base of
the cephalo-thorax, and has a brownish-black hue, that of the branchial opercula being pale-
yellow.

The female resembles the male in colour, but is without the two large, conical protuber¬
ances on the anterior elevation of the cephalo-thorax.

Adult males of this species, which is very closely allied to Neriene cornuta, were taken by
the Rev. O. P. Cambridge at Bloxworth, in the spring of 1861.

M. Wider, in his description of Theridion bituberculatum, states that “ die Beine sind
ziemlich kurz und nicht sehr ungleich, das dritte Paar am kiirzesten, dann folgt das vierte,
dann das erste und das zweite ist das langste;” and M. Walckenaer, in treating upon the
structure of Argus bituberculatus, remarks that “ les pattes sont peu allongees, la premiere
paire est la plus longue, ensuite la seconde, la troisi&me est la plus courte.” Now, as regards
the legs of Neriene bituberculata, the fourth pair is the longest, then the first, and the third
pair is the shortest; it is probable, however, that these discrepancies may be more apparent
than real, for, without measurement, it is difficult to ascertain the relative length of the
limbs of spiders, especially when they do not differ greatly in longitudinal extent; and this
difficulty is chiefly occasioned by the unequal breadth of the cephalo-thorax, to which they
are articulated.

Neriene apicata. PI. XVIII, fig. 183.

Neriene apicata, Blackw., Annals and Mag, of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. vi,
p. 339.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 269.

Length of the male, Ath of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, Jgths; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The legs are provided with hairs, and are of a reddish-brown colour, the femora being the
reddest; the posterior is longer than the anterior pair, and the third pair is the shortest; each
tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy,
with an indentation in the medial line ; an obtuse, conical prominence, surmounted by a tuft
of short hairs, occurs immediately behind the eyes, near the base of which, on each side, there
is a small cavity; the falces are conical, vertical, somewhat divergent at the extremity, and
armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are enlarged wdiere the palpi are inserted,
obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer side, and inclined towards the lip, which is
semicircular and prominent at the apex; the sternum is broad, convex, glossy, and heart-
shaped. These parts have a very dark, reddish-brown hue. The anterior eyes of the four
intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The palpi resemble the

270

LINYPHIIDiE.

legs in colour, but are rather paler; the humeral joint is somewhat curved towards the cephalo-
thorax; the cubital joint is clavate, and the radial, which is short, has two curved, pointed,
black apophyses at its extremity, in front, the superior one being the larger and more promi¬
nent ; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are moderately developed, complicated in structure, and of a reddish-
brown colour. The abdomen[is oviform, sparingly clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and has a brownish-black hue; that of the branchial
opercula being brown.

A male of Neriene apicata , having the palpal organs completely developed, was taken on
a rail at Oakland, in February, 1850, and in the autumn of 1853 a specimen of the same sex
was received from the Bev. Hamlet Clark.

Neriene rubens. PI. XVIII, fig. 184.

Neriene rubens, Blackw., Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii, p. 189.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 370.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 269.

Theridion cheliferum, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 237, taf. 16, fig. 4.

Argus cheliferus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 364.

Length of the female, gth of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The eyes are seated on black spots. The cephalo-thorax is compressed and abruptly
elevated before, rounded on the sides, slightly convex, and glossy, with an indentation in the
medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, armed with strong teeth on the inner surface,
and inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped ; the maxillae are moderately enlarged
at the extremity, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex ;
the legs are provided with hairs and a few spines, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in
length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pec¬
tinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base ; the palpi are abundantly supplied with
black spines, one, longer than the rest, projecting from the extremity of the cubital joint, in front.
These parts are of a yellowish-red colour. The abdomen is oviform, somewhat convex above,
projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a
red-brown hue, which varies in intensity in different individuals; the colour of the sexual
organs is black, tinged with red; and that of the branchial opercula is pale-orange.

The male is rather smaller than the female, and the tibiae of the first and second pairs of
legs are dilated at the extremity, underneath, which enlargements are amply provided with fine,
long hairs. The humeral joint of the palpi is very robust, increasing gradually in diameter
from its base to its extremity, which is armed with a strong spur and numerous minute,
pointed, black spines on the upper part; the cubital joint is short and strong; the radial joint

neriEne.

271

has two apophyses; one, on the inner side, which tapers to its extremity, is curved obliquely
across the upper part of the digital joint, and has a strong, pointed process near its base; the
other, situated on the outer side, is much shorter and more obtuse; the digital joint is oval,
convex, and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs ; these organs have
several curved, spinelike processes, and are of a red-brown colour.

The palpi of the male of this species, which is found among heath and grass in Denbigh¬
shire, Yorkshire, Berwickshire, and the south of Lancashire, are very peculiar in structure;
M. Wider has well remarked that “ sie haben viel Aehnlichkeit mit der Scheere der Krebse,
nurdass ein eigentlicher Daumen fehlt.” (Museum Senckenbergianum, B. 1, p. 238.)

Neriene nigra. PI. XVIII, fig. 185.

Neriene nigra , Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 378.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 269.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^rd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, foth.

The anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are very minute
and near to each other. The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, prominent where the eyes are
seated, somewhat compressed before, and rounded on the sides, which are marked with slight
furrows converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces are strong, conical,
armed with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is
heart-shaped; the maxillse are enlarged at the extremity, and inclined towards the lip, which
is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a brownish-black colour, the
falces and maxillae having a faint tinge of red. The legs, which are provided with hairs and a
few fine spines, have a red-brown tint, and the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and minutely pec¬
tinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour.
The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue; that of the branchial opercula
being brown.

The legs of the male are redder than those of the female, and the prominence at the
anterior part of its cephalo-thorax is surmounted by numerous very short hairs. Its palpi are
long, and the extremities of the humeral joints almost touch when in a state of repose; the
cubital joint is long and clavate ; the radial joint is strong, and is elongated into a narrow,
oval process, which extends in front of the digital joint, and is terminated by a corneous point
curved outwards ; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, com¬
prising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complex with spinelike processes, one
on the outer side being curved in a circular form, and are of a dark, red-brown colour.

Males and females of Neriene nigra were obtained in the autumn of 1833 on posts and

36

272

LINYPHIIDiE.

rails at Oakland and Crumpsall Hall. The attention of observers is directed to this common
aeronautic spider by the frequency of its aerial excursions.

Neriene graminicola. PL XIX, fig. 186.

Neriene graminicola , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,
p. 269.

Linyphia — Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1829, p. 213,

Theridion rubripes, Hahn, Hie Arachn., Band i, p. 92, tab. 22, fig. 70.

Micryphantes rubripes , Koch, Die Arachn., Band iv, p. 121, tab. 142, figs. 328, 329.

Argus graminicolis , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 351.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T gth, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ith.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, rather prominent before, and has an indenta¬
tion in the medial line ; it is of a pale-brown colour, with narrow, dark-brown lateral margins.
The falces are powerful, subconical, convex near the base, armed with teeth on the inner
surface, and a pointed, conical protuberance in front, nearer to the extremity than the base;
they are of a red-brown colour, and are inclined towards the sternum, which is broad, heart-
shaped, and of a dark-brown hue. The maxillse are convex at the base, and provided with a
conical process near the extremity, on the outer side; they have a red-brown tint, and are
strongly inclined towards the lip, which is short, somewhat quadrate, and of a dark-brown
hue. The legs are of a yellowish-brown colour, tinged with red, particularly the femora, and
the anterior and posterior pairs are equal in length; each tarsus is terminated by three claws;
the two superior ones are curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour; the cubital joint is clavate, and has a
prominent, conical, pointed apophysis at its extremity, on the under side; the radial is stronger
than the cubital joint, and is terminated by three apophyses ; two, which are large and obtuse,
project over the base of the digital joint, and the other, which is small and pointed, is
situated underneath ; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs, which are moderately developed, complicated in structure, with
a strong, prominent process on the outer side, a smaller and darker one at the extremity, and
are of a reddish-brown colour. The lateral eyes are rather the largest, and the anterior ones
of the four forming the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs,
and of a black hue.

According to M. Koch, the female is rather larger and lighter-coloured than the male.

An adult male of this spider, which has the essential characters of a Neriene , was taken
among herbage in a field at Southgate in May, 1850, and is in Mr. Walker’s cabinet.

NEBIJENE.

273

Neriene cornigera. Pl. XIX, fig. 187.

Nerie?ie cornigera, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xvii,
p. 233.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. xx, p. 501.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, ^tli;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th ; length of an anterior leg, ±th; length of a leg of the third
pair, #h.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones describe a trapezoid, the
two anterior ones, which form its shortest side, being the smallest of the eight. The cephalo-
thorax is oval, convex, glossy, slightly elevated before, where the eyes are situated, and has an
indentation in the medial line; the falces are conical, divergent at the extremity, armed with
teeth on the inner surface, and somewhat inclined towards the sternum, which is broad,
convex, glossy, and heart-shaped; the maxillse are inclined towards the lip, which is semicir¬
cular and prominent at the apex; the legs are slender and slightly hairy; the anterior and
posterior pairs are the longest and equal in length, and the third pair is the shortest; each
tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved, and the inferior one is
inflected near its base. These parts are of a brownish-yellow colour, the sternum, base of the
lip, and tibiae of the first and second pairs of legs being the brownest. The palpi have a
brownish-yellow hue, the digital joint being the brownest; the cubital and radial joints are
short, the latter, which is the larger, is prominent at its extremity, in front, and has several
long bristles at its base; the digital joint is oval, with a long, conical, hornlike process at its
base, whose pointed termination extends to the extremity of the cubital joint, and is provided
with one or two long bristles; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with a
small, black, curved, pointed spine at the base, on the outer side, and are of a yellowish-
brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, and projects a little over the base of
the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, and of a dark, dull-brown hue, that of the
spinners being pale, yellowish-brown.

This remarkable spider was discovered among moss growing under trees in a wood on the
northern slope of Gallt y Rhyg, in the autumn of 1854.

Neriene Montana.

Neriene montana, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xvii,
p. 234.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. xx, p. 501.

Length of the male, T ’ 5 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;

274

LINYPHIIDiE.

breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, £th; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The eyes are seated on black spots, the two anterior ones of the four forming the trape¬
zoid, which are near to each other, being the smallest and darkest of the eight. The cephalo-
thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides, which converge towards an
indentation in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, vertical, and armed with a few
teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are enlarged at the extremity, and inclined towards
the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the sternum is broad, heart-shaped,
convex, and glossy; the legs, which are moderately long, are provided with hairs and a few fine
spines; the fourth pair is slightly longer than the first, which surpasses the second, and the
third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are
curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. These parts are of a
pale, yellow-brown colour, the falces, maxillae, and lip having a faint tinge of red. The palpi
resemble the legs in colour; the cubital and radial j oints are short, the latter, which is the
stronger, being somewhat produced at its extremity, in front; the digital joint is oval, with a
small, conical process at its base, and a lobe near the middle of its outer side; it is convex
and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly deve¬
loped, complicated in structure, with a prominent, curved, scalelike process at the base, on
the outer side, and are of a brownish-red colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above,
projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a
dark, yellowish-brown colour, the branchial opercala and spinners being much the palest.

This spider, which was found on Ingleborough, a mountain in Yorkshire, in September,
1855, was received from Mr. R. H. Meade.

Neriene longipalpis. PI. XIX, fig. 188.

Neriene longipalpis, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,
p. 270.

Linyphia — Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1829, p. 212.

— — Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 259.

Erigone atra, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii, p. 195.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zook, p. 324.

— dentipalpis , Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 90, tab. 278, figs. 659, 660.
Argus longimanus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 346.

Length of the female, gth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^tli;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The legs have a reddish-brown hue; the posterior pair is the longest, then the anterior
pair, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two

NERIE1NE.

275

superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The
palpi resemble the legs in colour. The cephalo-thorax is glossy, very prominent and convex
where the eyes are seated, compressed before, rounded on the sides, and indented in the medial
line; the falces are powerful, rather convex in front, and have a longitudinal row of small
spines towards the outer side ; they are armed with strong teeth on the inner surface, and are
slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped ; the maxillae are greatly enlarged
where the palpi are inserted, and encompass the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at
the apex; the four intermediate eyes nearly form a square ; the abdomen is oviform, glossy,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and is sparingly clothed with
short hairs. These parts have a black hue, with the exception of the branchial opercula,
which have a yellow tint.

The male differs from the female in several remarkable particulars : it is smaller; the
lateral margins of the cephalo-thorax are strongly dentated; and a series of short, sharp
spines, slightly curved forwards, occupies the medial line of its anterior convexity. The rela¬
tive length of its legs also is dissimilar, the anterior being longer than the posterior pair,
and these organs, with the palpi, are much redder than those of the female. The humeral
joint of the palpi is greatly elongated, much curved, and armed with strong spines underneath ;
the cubital and radial joints are dilated at their extremities; the former has a large, conical
process on its under side, and the latter is terminated by two'apophyses; one, which is short
and broad, projects in front, and the other, which is more elongated and acute, is situated
underneath; the digital joint is of an oblong, oval form ; it is convex and hairy externally, con¬
cave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, and of a very dark,
red-brown colour.

This species is widely distributed in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, and is
remarkable for its ascents into the atmosphere, as well as for the extraordinary organization
of the cephalo-thorax and its appendages in the male. The sexes pair in June, and the female
deposits six or seven spherical eggs of a pale, yellowish-white colour in a subglobose cocoon of
white silk of a slight texture, which measures about T ! 5 th of an inch in diameter, and is usually
attached to the inferior surface of stones.

It is a fact deserving of notice, that Neriene longipalpis can preserve an active state of
existence for some days when submerged in water.

The Theridion dentipalpe of M. Wider (Museum Senckenbergianum, B. 1, p. 248, taf. 17,
fig. 1) is not included among the synonyma of this spider, because it appears to differ from it
in structure and colour; on the latter particular, however, little stress can be laid, as the
specimens collected by M. Wider were preserved in spirit of wine.

Neriene fusca. PL XIX, fig. 189.

Neriene fusca , Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 382.

_ _ Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 270.

Length of the female, gth of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, Jgth, breadth, ^th ,
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, £th.

276

LINYPHIIME.

The eyes are seated on black spots. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an
indentation in the medial line; its colour is yellowish-brown, the lateral margins being the
darkest, and on the frontal margin, immediately above the base of each falx, there is a trian¬
gular spot of a red-brown hue. The falces are strong, conical, convex in front, and of a pale
red-brown colour; they are armed with small teeth on the inner surface, and are inclined
towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped, and has a brown tint, the margins being rather
the darkest. The maxillae are powerful and encompass the lip, which is semicircular and pro¬
minent at the apex. The former of these organs are like the falces in colour, and that of the
latter organ is dark-brown, with a tinge of red at its extremity. The legs have a yellowish-
brown tint, and the posterior is rather longer than the anterior pair; each tarsus is terminated
by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is ovi¬
form, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is sparingly clothed
with hairs, and of a dark-brown hue, the medial line of the upper and under parts being
slightly paler, and the colour of the branchial opercula is yellow.

The male is smaller than the female; its cephalo-thorax is also more gibbous immediately
behind the eyes, and, with the falces, maxillae, sternum, legs, and palpi, is of a red-brown colour,
that of the abdomen being brown-black. The radial joint of the palpi is stronger than the
cubital, and has a small, acute apophysis at its extremity, underneath, and a larger one in front,
which terminates in two points; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are moderately developed, with a short, curved,
obtuse process at the upper part, a small pointed spine of a semicircular form at their extremity,
and are of a red-brown colour.

Neriene fusca occurs on rails and under stones in Lancashire and Denbighshire. It pairs
in the month of June.

Neriene agrestis. PI. XIX, fig. 190.

Neriene agrestis, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi,
p. 23.

— — Blackw., Ibid., p. 120.

Length of the female, 1th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, #h, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, 1th; length of a leg of the third
pair, 1th.

The legs are hairy, and the posterior is longer than the anterior pair; each tarsus is ter¬
minated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base; the cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an
indentation in the medial line; the falces are conical, convex in front, near to the base, armed
with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is broad,
rather convex, glossy, and heart-shaped ; the maxillae are enlarged where the palpi are inserted,
and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These

NERIENE.

277

parts, with the palpi, are of a brown colour; the lip, sternum, and anterior part of the cephalo-
thorax being the darkest, and the legs and palpi, which are much the palest, having a yel¬
lowish or light-reddish tinge. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, sparingly clothed with hairs,
convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is of a dark-brown colour,
tinged with olive, the medial line of the upper part, in some individuals, being the palest, the
sexual organs have a dark, reddish-brown tint, and the colour of the branchial opercula is
yellowish-brown.

The male is much smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. The cubital
and radial joints of its palpi are short; the latter, which is the larger, projects two very
minute apophyses from its extremity; one, situated in front, is crescent-shaped, the cusps
being acute ; and the other, which is shorter and more obtuse, occurs on the under side ,* the
digital joint has a short oval form ; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs ; these organs are moderately developed, protuberant, complex in structure,
with a small, curved, black spine at their extremity, whose point terminates in a prominent,
semitransparent membrane, and are of a red-brown colour.

This species, which is closely allied to Neriene fusca, is met with among herbage and
under stones in pastures near woods at Oakland; it has also been taken in Berwickshire by
Mr. J. Hardy. The sexes are adult in autumn.

Neriene vigilax. PL XIX, fig. 191.

Neriene vigilax , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi,
p. 24.

— — Blackw., Ibid., p. 120.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, 35 th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, §th; length of a leg of the third
pair, nth.

The legs are hairy, of a red colour, tinged with brown, and the posterior is longer than
the anterior pair; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved
and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The cephalo-thorax is oval,
convex, glossy, with a slight indentation in the medial line, and has a dark-brown tint, the
lateral margins being the darkest. The falces are conical, armed with fine teeth on the inner
surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is broad, somewhat convex, glossy,
and heart-shaped. The maxillae are enlarged at the base, where the palpi are inserted, and
inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular. The colour of the falces and maxillae is pale-
brown, tinged with red, and that of the sternum and lip dark-brown. The palpi have a
yellowish-brown hue; the cubital and radial joints are short, and the latter projects two
apophyses from its extremity ; the larger one curves outward in front of the digital joint, and
the smaller one, which is acute, is situated underneath; the digital joint is oval, convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are highly deve-

278

LINYPHIID^E.

loped, prominent, complicated in structure, with a black, filiform spine at their extremity, on
the outer side, which is enveloped in delicate membrane and curved in a circular form ; their
colour is reddish-brown. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above,
projecting a little over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and has a black hue, that of the branchial
opercula being yellowish-brown.

An adult male of this species was found running on a gravel-walk at Oakland in
July, 1852.

NERIENE GIBBOSA.

Neriene gibbosa, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 053.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 270.

Argus gibbosus , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 513.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The legs are provided with hairs and a few erect spines; they have a yellowish-brown
hue, and the posterior is rather longer than the anterior pair; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The cephalo-thorax is oval, glossy, rather gibbous near the middle, with slight
furrows on the sides converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces are
strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the
sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillae are inclined towards the lip, which is
semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the falces
and maxillae being the palest. The anterior eyes of the four forming the trapezoid are the
smallest of the eight. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is oviform,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with
hairs, glossy, and of a very dark-brown hue, that of the branchial opercula being dull-yellow.

The male is rather smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. Near the
middle of its cephalo-thorax there is a large, obtuse prominence, between which and the
anterior part, where the eyes are situated, there is a deep depression thickly clothed with
strong hairs; and the falces have a small, conical protuberance in front, near the extremity,
towards the inner side. The radial joint of the palpi is rather larger than the cubital, and
projects two minute, pointed apophyses from its extremity; one is in front, and the other,
which is the smaller, is on the inner side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally,
concave within, comprising the palpal organs; they are neither highly developed nor very
complicated in structure, a dark, reddish-brown process, curved outwards, occurring at the
base, and their colour is yellowish-brown, faintly tinged with red.

Specimens of this spider were discovered under stones in a moist pasture at Oakland in
May, 1838.

NERlfiNE.

279

Neriene tuberosa. PI. XIX, fig. 192.

Neriene tuberosa , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 654.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 270.

Argus tuberosus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 514.

Length of the male, Ath of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th; length of a posterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, glossy, gibbous near the middle, with slight furrows on the
sides converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces are strong, conical,
armed with teeth on the inner surface, and have a small, conical protuberance in front, near
the extremity, towards the inner side ; they are slightly inclined towards the sternum, which
is broad and heart-shaped ; the maxillae are inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular
and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the falces and maxillae
being the palest. The legs have a yellowish-brown hue, and the posterior is rather longer
than the anterior pair; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are
curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The anterior eyes of
the four forming the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The palpi resemble the legs in
colour, and the radial, which is rather stronger than the cubital joint, projects two minute,
pointed apophyses from its extremity; one situated in front, and the other, which is the
smaller, on the inner side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs; they are moderately developed, complicated in structure,
with a curved process at the base, directed outwards, and a small, black, pointed, curved spine
at the extremity; their colour is red-brown. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, pro¬
jecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a
very dark-brown hue, that of the branchial opercula being dull-yellow.

In May, 1838, an adult male of this species was found under a stone in a moist pasture
at Oakland.

Neriene trilineata. PI. XIX, fig. 193.

Neriene trilineata, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 124.

_ — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 271.

Linyphia bucculenta, Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1831, p. 109.

— reticulata, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 260.

Theridion reticulatum, Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 39, tab. 54, fig. 124.
Bolyphantes trilineatus, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erste3 Heft, p. 9.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 67, tab. 272, fig. 641.

37

280

LINYPHIIDiE.

Length of the female, £th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ~th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, §ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The eyes are seated on black spots, the anterior ones of the four forming the trapezoid,
which are placed on a slight protuberance, being the smallest of the eight. The cephalo-
thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before, and rounded on the sides, which are marked
with furrows converging towards a large indentation in the medial line; it is of a yellowish-
brown colour, with narrow, black margins, and a band of the same hue extending along the
middle. The falces are powerful, conical, vertical, gibbous in front, near the base, armed with
teeth on the inner surface, and of a red-brown hue. The maxillae are short, strong, enlarged
at the extremity, inclined towards the lip, and have a pale, red-brown tint. The lip is semi¬
circular and of a reddish-brown colour, the apex, which is prominent, being the palest. The
sternum is heart-shaped, with slight prominences on the sides, opposite to the articulation of
the legs, and its colour is yellowish-brown. The legs, which are moderately robust, are pro¬
vided with hairs and black spines; they are of a yellowish-brown hue, with brownish-black
annuli, and the posterior is rather longer than the anterior pair; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at
their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, thinly clothed with short hairs, convex
above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a yellowish-white or
pinkish hue, intersected by numerous fine, dark-brown lines, which give it a reticulated
appearance; along the middle there extends a fine, dark-brown band, which is somewhat rami¬
fied and tapers to its posterior extremity; on each side of this band there is a series of obscure,
irregular, dark-brown spots, confluent or nearly so, wdiich form two bands converging to the
spinners; the under part is of a dark-brown colour, with a few yellowish spots; the sexual
organs have a dark, reddish-brown hue; that of the spinners is red-brown; and the branchial
opercula are of a yellow colour, with red-brown lips.

The male bears a close resemblance to the female, but it is smaller and rather lighter
coloured. The metatarsal joint of its anterior pair of legs, which is enlarged, is depressed on
the upper part, and provided with numerous hairs underneath. The cubital joint of the palpi
is clavate, and has a long, black bristle connected with its extremity, in front; it is larger than
the radial joint, which has several long, black bristles on its under and inner sides, and a
conical apophysis underneath, near the extremity, projecting from it at right angles, and
having an enlargement near its base, on the outer side; the digital joint has somewhat of an
elongated oval form, with three obtuse processes near the outer side of the base, the middle
one being the most prominent; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with a
large, obtuse process at their base, which is curved outwards, and extends nearly to the arti¬
culation of the cubital with the radial joint, and several short, curved, pointed ones at the
extremity; they are of a dark, reddish-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints
are directed towards each other.

Nerieiie trilineata is not uncommon in the neighbourhood of Manchester, where it con¬
ceals itself under stones. Mr. R. H. Meade has met with it in Yorkshire, and Mr. J. Hardy
has taken it in Berwickshire.

NERIENE.

281

Probably the spider named Neriene graminicolens in the * Transactions of the Linnean
Society, vol. xix, p. 125, is a variety of this species, from which it differs chiefly in not having
dark annuli on the legs and palpi.

The contraction and expansion of the dorsal vessel are very apparent in Neriene gramini¬
colens, which occurs among grass and coarse herbage in pastures at Oakland, and seems to
be identical with the Linyphia cellulana of Professor Sundevall (Vet. Acad. Handl., 1831,

p. 108).

Neriene rubella. PI. XIX, fig. 194.

Neriene rubella, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 648.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 271.

Micryphantes isabellinus, Koch, Die Arachn., Bandviii, p. 109, tab. 282, figs. 676-678.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, # 5 ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, £th.

The first and fourth pairs of legs, which are the longest, are equal in length, and the
third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are
curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base; the cephalo-thorax is
convex, glossy, compressed and rather prominent before, rounded on the sides, and has an
indentation in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner
surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad, convex, and heart-shaped. These
parts, with the maxillae and palpi, are of a yellowish-red colour, the legs and palpi being the
palest, and the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex, has a red-brown tint.
The eyes are seated on black spots, and the anterior ones of the four forming the trapezoid are
much the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, thinly clothed with hairs,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and has a yellowish-red tint,
which varies greatly in intensity in different individuals; the hue of the sexual organs is black,
faintly tinged with red; and that of the branchial opercula is dull-yellow.

The male resembles the female in colour, but the anterior part of its cephalo-thorax, where
the eyes are seated, is more prominent, and the relative length of its legs is different, the first
pair being the longest, and the second and fourth pairs equal in length; the tibiae also of the
first and second pairs are somewhat dilated underneath, near their extremity, and these enlarge¬
ments are thickly clothed with long, fine hairs. The palpi are of a yellowish-red colour, with
the exception of the radial and digital joints, which have a reddish-brown hue; the cubital
joint is remarkably large, very protuberant on the inner side, and provided with an acute
apophysis in front, near the outer side; the radial joint is crescent-shaped, the lower and much
the longer limb of the crescent being turned outwards, in front of the digital joint, which is
oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs ; these organs

282

LINYPHIIDiE.

are highly developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with two long, filiform, black
spines, connected with semitransparent membrane, curved round the inner side, and are of a
red-brown colour.

This species, which bears a strong resemblance to Neriene rubens , is found under stones
and on plants growing in woods at Oakland, and Mr. J. Hardy has captured it in Berwickshire.
The male has the palpal organs fully developed in October.

Neriene variegata. PI. XIX, fig. 195.

Neriene variegata , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 650.

_ _ Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 271.

Argus variegatus , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 513.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, g 2 nd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, <^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, §th.

The legs are slender, provided with hairs and a few erect spines, and of a yellowish-
brown colour, with black annuli; the first and fourth pairs, which are the longest, are equal
in length, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two
superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The
cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before, and rounded on the sides, which are
marked with furrows converging towards an indentation in the medial line ; it is of a yellowish-
brown colour, with blackish margins, a longitudinal row of small, black spots on each side, and
a black patch of a triangular form, whose vertex is directed backwards, immediately behind
the eyes, which are seated on black spots. The falces are long, powerful, divergent at the
extremity, armed w 7 ith a few teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum,
which is broad and heart-shaped. These parts, with the maxillae, lip, and palpi, have a yel¬
lowish-brown hue, the sternum and lip being the darkest. The abdomen is oviform, thinly
clothed with hairs, very convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
of a dull-yellow colour, with a black band in the medial line of the upper part extending
rather more than a third of its length; the anterior part of the band, which is triangular, has
its vertex directed forwards, and the posterior part is narrower and somewhat ramified; from
the termination of the band a longitudinal row of irregular, black spots extends on each side of
the medial line, a few of which unite immediately above the spinners and form short, curved,
tranverse lines; numerous black streaks and patches occur on the sides, and the under part
and branchial opercula have a dull, yellowish-brown hue; the sexual organs are of a red-brown
colour; they are prominent, and have a curved process in connection with them, which is
greatly enlarged at its extremity.

The male is rather smaller than the female, but it resembles her in the design formed by
the distribution of its colours; the relative length of its legs, however, is different, the anterior

NERIEJNE.

283

being longer than the posterior pair. The cubital and radial joints of the palpi are short; the
latter is the stronger, and the former has a long bristle projecting from its extremity, in front;
the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a large lobe on the outer side, and a small process at
the base, which is notched at its extremity and curved outwards; it is convex and hairy exter¬
nally, concave within, comprising the highly developed palpal organs, which are complicated
in structure, and of a red-brown colour.

In December, 1837, males and females of this spider, in a state of maturity, were obtained
under stones on Gallt y Rhyg, a mountain in the vicinity of Oakland; and in 1841 Miss Ellen
Clayton captured specimens of both sexes at Ingleton, in Yorkshire.

Neriene pilosa. PI. XIX, fig. 196.

Myagrus pilosus, Templeton, MS. History of Irish Aracknida.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, of a pale-brown colour, and is edged by a fine, black line ;
there is a dark, narrow, medial line, which is obsolete, except behind the eyes and at the middle
thoracic point, and from the latter dark lines extend to the coxse ; underneath it is of a pale-
brown hue, with a darker edge. The abdomen is ovate, thickly covered with fine, black hairs,
and the upper part is of a pale, yellowish-brown colour; underneath it has a blackish hue,
with a square and rather paler part immediately adjoining the branchial opercula. The legs
are covered with fine hairs, and have a few very fine spines; they are of a brown colour,
except at the articulations, which have a yellowish tint.

This spider is found at Cranmore, but is rather rare.

Neriene pallidula. PI. XIX, fig. 197.

Xenophoms pallidulus, Templeton, MS. History of Irish Arachnida.

Length of the female, 4>th of an inch.

The legs are hairy, spiny, and of a pale-yellow colour; the first pair is the longest, the
second and fourth pairs are equal in length, and the third pair is the shortest. The cephalo-
thorax is rotund, slightly compressed before, and of a pale, yellowish-brown colour; from the
central thoracic point radii of a deeper brown pass to the coxae, and a fine, black line occurs on
the margins; underneath it is of a yellowish-brown hue deepening to black at the edges. e
abdomen is ovate; the upper part is of a yellowish-gray colour, the sides and posterior region
beino-darker; in the middle there is a dagger-shaped, dark macula, and posteriorly three
double, dark lines meet in an angle at the spinners; underneath it has a blackish hue, the

284

LINYPHIIDiE.

central part being paler, and the anus is very black. The three double lines at the apex of
the abdomen are obsolete in some specimens.

At Cranmore this species is not uncommon. It appears to belong to the genus Neriene ,
though an approximation to the Theridia is observable in the form of the maxillse.

Neriene cauinata. PI. XIX, fig. 198.

Ceroclus carinatus , Templeton, MS. History of Irish Arachnida.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch.

The cephalo-thorax, which is nearly circular, has an elevated ridge in the medial line,
and the sides are depressed till they are almost horizontal; it is of a brown colour, edged
with black, and black lines descend from the middle thoracic point and pass to the origins of
the legs; underneath it has a brownish-black hue. The abdomen is ovate, tumid, hairy, and
of a grayish-black colour on the upper part, with numerous waved, silvery lines on its surface;
underneath it is jet-black. The legs are moderately long, taper, provided with hairs and very
fine spines, and are of a brown hue; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the
third pair is the shortest.

This spider occurs in the grove at Cranmore.

Neriene sulcata.

Neriene sulcata , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 184.

— — Blackw., Ibid., second series, vol. ix, p. 271.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, jth; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The legs are provided with hairs, and are of a red colour, tinged with brown ; the first
pair is rather the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is
terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a small, lon¬
gitudinal indentation immediately behind each lateral pair of eyes, and a slight depression in
the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, convex in front, near the base, divergent at
the extremity, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum,
which is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillse are strong, enlarged where the palpi are
inserted, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex.
These parts have a brown-black hue, the maxillse, which are the palest, and the falces having

NERIENE.

285

a tinge of red. The anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are
much the smallest of the eight, and those of each lateral pair are contiguous and seated
obliquely on a small tubercle. The palpi resemble the legs in colour; the cubital and radial
joints are short, the latter, which is the stronger, projecting a somewhat pointed apophysis
from its extremity, in front; the digital joint is of an irregular oval form, having a lobe near
the middle of the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with a
long, black, filiform spine, enveloped in delicate membrane, extending from the upper part
beyond their extremity, and are of a red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex
above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy,
and of a brownish-black hue, that of the branchial opercula being yellow.

An adult male of this species, which is nearly allied to the spiders constituting the genus
Walckenaera, was discovered on the steps at Oakland in June, 1841 ; and another specimen
of the same sex was met with on the gravel-walk in front of the house in July, 1852.

Neriene herbigrada. PL XIX, fig. 199.

Neriene herbigrada , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xiii,
p. 179

— —- Blackw., Ibid., vol. xiv, p. 32.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^nd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, i^th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with an indentation in the medial line; the
falces are powerful, conical, vertical, divergent at the extremity, and armed with teeth on the
inner surface; the maxillae are enlarged where the palpi are inserted, and inclined towards the
lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; and the sternum is broad and heart-
shaped. These parts have a brown hue; the sternum and the lip are the darkest, and the
falces and maxillae, which are the palest, are faintly tinged with red. The eyes are seated on
black spots; those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are conti¬
guous, and the anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid, which are
near to each other, are the smallest and darkest of the eight. The legs are provided with
hairs, and have a yellowish-brown hue; the anterior and posterior pairs, which are the longest,
are equal in length, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three
claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the inferior one is in¬
flected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is oviform, hairy,
glossy, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a pale-brown
colour, with obscure spots of a deeper shade, the under part being rather the darkest; the sexual
organs have a reddish-brown hue, and their anterior margin is prominent and semicircular.

The colours of the sexes are similar. The male has the humeral joint of its palpi curved

286

LINYPHIIDiE.

towards the cephalo-thorax, which has a narrow indentation immediately behind each lateral
pair of eyes; the radial is larger than the cubital joint, and projects a strong, obtuse apo¬
physis from its extremity, in front, towards the inner side; the digital joint is somewhat oval,
with a large lobe on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, com¬
prising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a curved,
prominent process at their base, on the outer side, another, situated underneath, which has its
extremity enlarged and depressed, and two long, contiguous, filiform, black spines, originating
near their base, on the outer side, which pass obliquely downwards, and curving round their
extremity extend considerably beyond the termination of the digital joint; the colour of these
organs is red-brown.

Early in October, 1853, both sexes of Neriene Jierbigrada , in a mature state, were detected
among coarse herbage and moss growing in woods on the northern slope of Gallt y Rhyg.
Like Neriene sulcata , this species makes a near approximation to the spiders of the genus
Walchenaera.

Neriene abnormis. PI. XIX, fig. 200.

Neriene abnormis, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 649.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p, 272.

Argus abnormis , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 512.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, T gth;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ffh; length of a leg of the third
pair, T 3 5 ths.

The eyes are seated on black spots. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with
slight furrows on the sides converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces
are powerful, conical, convex in front, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are strong, convex underneath, and
nearly straight; the lip is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a
reddish-brown colour, the sternum being rather the darkest, and the falces, maxillae, and lip
the reddest. The legs and palpi are moderately robust, provided with hairs and fine, erect
spines, and have a reddish-brown hue. The first and fourth pairs of legs, which are the
longest, are equal in length, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a dull-brown colour, obscurely mottled with darker
brown ; a depressed, oval, flesh-coloured process is connected with the anterior margin of the
sexual organs; and the branchial opercula have a yellowish-white hue.

The male is rather smaller than the female, and the relative length of its legs is different,
the first pair being longer than the fourth ; its abdomen also is darker coloured than that of

NERIENE.

287

the female, and its cephalo-thorax, legs, palpi, falces, maxillae, and lip, are of a red colour,
slightly tinged with brown. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, the latter
being much the stronger, and somewhat produced in front; the digital joint is of an irregular
oval form, having a large lobe on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complicated
in structure, with a curved, pointed process, enveloped in semitransparent membrane, at the
extremity, and a large one at the upper part, consisting of two branches; one, directed
upwards, extends nearly to the articulation of the radial with the cubital joint, and the other
is directed downwards; both are pointed and curved outwards, an obtuse prominence occur¬
ring near the base of the latter, within the curve; these organs are of a reddish-brown
colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other.

By the structure of its oral apparatus and by the disposition and relative size of its
eyes this spider makes a near approximation to the Liniphya. It was taken under stones at
Crumpsall Hall, in October, 1836.

Neriene rubripes. PI. XIX, fig. 201.

Neriene rubripes , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii, p. 485.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 272.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, -^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, T ^th; length of an anterior leg, ,th; length of a leg of the
third pair, ^ths.

The legs are moderately robust, and provided with hairs and a few fine spines; the
first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is
terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. These organs, with the palpi, have a red tint. The cephalo-
thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with furrows on the sides, converging towards an indentation
in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, convex in front, divergent at the
extremity, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum,
which is heart-shaped; the maxillae are strong, and inclined towards the lip, which is semi¬
circular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a red-brown colour, the falces, lip,
and margins of the sternum being the darkest. The eyes are seated on black spots; the
four intermediate ones form a trapezoid, whose shortest side is before, those of the anterior
pair being the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-
black hue ; a large, prominent, curved process, of a red-brown colour, connected with the
anterior margin of the sexual organs, is directed backwards, and the branchial opercula have
a pale-yellow tint. Some individuals have the abdomen of a yellowish-brown hue, and
the other parts generally lighter coloured.

38

288

LINYPHIIDiE.

The male is somewhat smaller and darker coloured than the female ; its falces have a
conical process near the extremity, towards the inner side, and its maxillse are remarkably
convex externally, immediately before the insertion of the palpi. The humeral joint of the
palpi is curved towards the cephalo-thorax; the cubital and radial joints are short, the latter
being gibbous on the under side, near the middle; the digital joint is oval, convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are prominent, highly
developed, complex in structure, and of a dark, red-brown colour. The digital joints of the
palpi have their convex sides directed towards each other.

Mr. Thomas Blackwall found this species under stones, at Oakland, in the summer of
1834, and Mr. J. Hardy has since met with it in Berwickshire.

Neriene dubia. PI. XIX, fig. 202.

Neriene dubia , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 652.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 272.

Argus dubius , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 513.

Length of the male, ~th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |th; length of a leg of the third
pair, Jjth.

The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose anterior side is somewhat the
shortest, and those of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle and are nearly
contiguous; the anterior eyes of the trapezoid are the smallest and darkest of the eight.
The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides, converging
towards an indentation in the medial line. The falces are conical, vertical, and armed with a
few teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are convex near the base, enlarged at the
extremity, and inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex;
and the sternum is heart-shaped. The legs are moderately long, and provided with hairs and
a few fine spines ; the first pair is rather the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is
the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and
pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. These parts are of a red-brown
colour, the legs being much the palest. The palpi resemble the legs in colour; the cubital
and radial joints are short, the latter being considerably produced on the outer side ; the
digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal
organs, which are moderately developed, complicated in structure, with a prominent, slightly
curved, pointed spine near the middle, two slender ones, enveloped in delicate membrane,
at the extremity, and are of a red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed
with hairs, glossy, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and of a
brownish-black hue, that of the branchial opercula being dark-brown.

A male of Neriene dubia was captured on iron rails at Crumpsall Hall, in October, 1836,
and another specimen of the same sex was taken by Mr. F. Walker, at Piercefield, in

WALCKENAERA.

289

Monmouthshire, in the summer of 1853, and was forwarded to Oakland by Mr. R. H. Meade.
This species, which has much resemblance to the Theridia in external structure, is placed
provisionally in the genus Neriene till the female shall he discovered, as the sexes of the
same spider frequently differ in the relative length of the legs and in the form of the maxillae.

Genus — Walckenaera, Blackw.

Eyes distributed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, which sometimes in the
females, and usually in the males, is remarkably elevated; the four intermediate eyes describe
either a trapezoid whose shortest side is before or a small square, and those of each lateral
pair are contiguous, or nearly so.

Maxillce strong, dilated at the base, where the palpi are inserted, and curved or inclined
towards the lip.

Lip semicircular and prominent at the apex.

Legs moderately long and robust ; the anterior and posterior pairs, which are the
longest, are equal in length, or nearly so, and the third pair is the shortest.

Walckenaera acuminata. PI. XX, fig. 203.

Walckenaera acuminata, Blackw., Loud, and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii,

p. 106.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 315, pi. 2, figs. 3—6.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol.

ix, p. 272.

Micryphantes camelinus, Koch, Die Arachn., Band iii, p. 11, tab. 76, figs. 168, 169.

Length of the female, <|ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th ; length of an anterior leg, 1th; length of a leg of the third
pair, 1th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, very convex, with a minute indentation in the medial line,
and an acute, conical prominence in front; the falces are moderately strong, vertical, convex
in front, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; and the sternum is oblong, heart-
shaped. These parts, with the maxillae and lip, are glossy, and of a dark, brownish-black
colour. The legs are hairy, but destitute of spines ; each tarsus is terminated by three
claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near
its base; the palpi are robust and without claws ; the cubital joint is remarkably short, and
the radial and digital joints are somewhat dilated. These organs have a bright-rufous tint.
The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting a little over the base of the cephalo-

290

LINYPHIIDiE.

thorax; it is sparingly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a deep-black hue, that of the
branchial opercula being pale-yellow.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is smaller than the female, and the anterior
prominence of its cephalo-thorax is much more elongated and slender, measuring about 5 gth
of an inch in length ; it is elevated vertically, and dilated near the middle and at the apex,
the latter dilatation being separated by a transverse groove into a superior and inferior
segment, both of which are rough, with short, strong hairs ; on these enlargements the eyes
are seated. The cubital joint of the palpi is clavate; the radial joint is short, and terminates
in three apophyses ; one, situated on the inner side, which is longer than either the exterior
or inferior one, and is curved outwards, has a process near its base, on the outer side ; the
digital joint is somewhat oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a strong spine on
the outer side, curved in a circular form, and are of a blackish hue, tinged with red.

Both sexes of this curiously constructed spider w T ere taken by Mr. Thomas Blackwall,
in October, 1832, under stones and on rails in the township of Crumpsall. It has since been
met with in Yorkshire, Northamptonshire, and Denbighshire, and in the spring of 1849
specimens of the female were received from Mr. J. Hardy, who took them in Berwickshire.

In autumn the female deposits between twenty and thirty spherical eggs, of a yellow
colour, not agglutinated together, in a plano-convex cocoon, composed of fine, white silk, of
a loosish texture, measuring ^ths of an inch in diameter; it is attached by the plane surface
to the under sides of stones and fragments of rock, and its form is frequently modified by
irregularities on the surface of the body to which it adheres.

M. Walckenaer entertains the opinion that his Argus cornutus (* Hist. Nat. des Insect.
Apt.,’ t. ii, p. 367) and the Theridion cornutum of M, Wider (‘ Museum Senckenbergianum,’ B. i,
p. 235, taf. xvi, fig. 2) are the same as the Micryphantes camelinus of M. Koch, which is
identical with Walkenaera acuminata; but they differ from it, apparently, both in structure
and colour; and it has already been showm (page 226) that the Linyphia alticeps of Professor
Sundevall, included by M. Walckenaer among the synonyma of this species, is perfectly
distinct from it.

Walckenaera cuspidata. PI. XX, fig. 204.

Walckenaera cuspidata , Blackw., Loud, and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii,

p. 108.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 320, pi. 2, fig. 11.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 273.

Length of the female, ~th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ggth, breadth, ^ th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^nd; length of an anterior leg, |tb; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

WALCKENAERA.

291

In colour this species bears a close resemblance to WalcJcenaera acuminata. Its cephalo-
thorax is oval, convex, and glossy, without any indentation in the medial line or marked pro¬
minence in front; the sternum is broad and heart-shaped. These parts, with the falces,
maxillae, and lip, have a dark, brownish-black hue. The legs are hairy, and have a bright-rufous
tint ; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pecti¬
nated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour.
The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
sparingly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a deep-black hue, that of the branchial opercula
being pale-yellow.

The male is rather smaller than the female, and has a minute, conical, acute prominence,
surmounted by a few fine hairs, situated within the trapezoid formed by the four intermediate
eyes, immediately in front of the posterior pair. The radial joint of the palpi has two apo¬
physes at its extremity; the smaller projects on the under side, and the longer, which has a
process near its base, on the outer side, curves outwards, in front of the digital joint, which is
somewhat oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs;
these organs are highly developed and complicated in structure, with a strong spine on the
outer side, curved in a circular form.

This rare spider is found under stones and on rails in the south of Lancashire, in York¬
shire, and in Denbighshire, and two females, one adult and the other immature, were taken
by Mr. J. Hardy in Berwickshire, in the spring of 1849.

The Theridion monoceros of M. Wider is nearly allied to this species, but it presents several
points of difference, both in structure and colour (‘ Museum Senckenbergianum/ B. 1, p. 236,
taf. 16, fig. 3).

Walckenaera monoceros. PL XX, fig. 205.

Theridion monoceros , Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 236, taf. 16, fig. 3.

Argus — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., t. ii, p. 361.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, ith; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The eyes are disposed in pairs on the anterior prominence of the cephalo-thorax, and are
seated on black spots; those of each pair are near to each other, the lateral ones being placed
on a minute tubercle in a line with the cephalo-thorax ; the eyes of the posterior pair are rather
the smallest of the eight, and with those of the anterior pair, which are the darkest coloured,
form a narrow, oblong, quadrangular figure. The cephalo-thorax is long, oval, glossy, convex,
particularly in the cephalic region, which is rather prominent and rounded; a small, conical,
pointed process, slightly curved downwards, and provided with numerous short hairs, enlarged
at the extremity, is situated in the space surrounded by the eyes, a little in advance of the
posterior pair; the falces are small, conical, and vertical; the maxillae are short, and strongly

292

LINYPHIIDiE.

inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; and the sternum is
broad and heart-shaped. These parts have a brown colour, tinged with red; the lip and
anterior part of the cephalo-thorax are the darkest, and the maxillee, which are much the
palest, have a yellowish tint. The legs have a reddish-yellow hue; they are long, slender,
and hairy; the fourth pair is the longest, then the first, and the third pair is the shortest;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi are rather short, and resemble the
legs in colour, with the exception of the digital joint, which has a brown hue, tinged with
red; the radial is stronger than the cubital joint, and projects two apophyses from its
extremity, in front; one, towards the inner side, which is large and curves outwards in front
of the digital joint, has its taper extremely bifid; and the other, which is situated at its base,
on the outer side, is short, pointed, and black; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, pro¬
minent, complicated in structure, with a black, filiform spine, curved in a circular form, near
their extremity, on the outer side, and a short, pointed one comprised within its curviture.
The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
clothed with short hairs, and of a dark, yellowish-brown colour, that of the branchial opercula
being yellowish-white.

Adult males of this Walclcenaera were taken at Southport and in Portland, in the autumn
of 1859, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge.

Walckenaera Hardii. PL XX, fig. 206.

Walckenaera Hardii, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. vi,
p. 340.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. ix, p. 273.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, T gth;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ?th; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

This species, which is nearly allied to Walclcenaera cuspidata, has the cephalo-thorax
oval, convex, glossy, prominent before, with an obtuse, conical protuberance situated in the
space surrounded by the eyes, a little in advance of the posterior pair, immediately behind
which there is a small tuft of hairs ; the falces are powerful, conical, divergent at the extremity,
armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is heart-
shaped ; the maxillae are obliquely truncated at the extremity, on the outer side, and inclined
towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex ; the legs are provided with
hairs; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and minutely pectinated, and the inferior one
is inflected near its base. These parts have a red-brown hue, the lip being much the darkest
and the legs the lightest coloured. The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose ante¬
rior side is much the shortest; those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely, and are the

WALCKENAERA.

293

largest of the eight, and the anterior eyes of the trapezoid are the smallest. The palpi have
a red-brown tint, the radial and digital joints being much the darkest; the humeral joint is
curved towards the cephalo-thorax, and the cubital and radial joints are clavate, the latter,
which is the stronger, projecting two apophyses from its extremity, the larger situated in front,
and the smaller on the under side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, con¬
cave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are moderately developed, com¬
plicated in structure, with a small, curved spine, enveloped in membrane, at their extremity,
and are of a dark, reddish-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed with
hairs, and of a brownish-black hue, that of the branchial opercula being yellowish-brown.

In December, 1848, Mr. J. Hardy forwarded to Oakland an adult male of this species,
with other specimens of Araneidea , which he had captured in Berwickshire.

Walckenaera unicornis. PI. XX, fig. 207.

Walckenaera unicornis, Camb., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. vii,
p. 437.

Length of the male, ~th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, 4jth;
breadth of the abdomen, <^th; length of a posterior leg, Ijths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The legs are slender, provided with hairs, and have a yellowish-red hue; the fourth pair
is the longest, then the first, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The palpi are short and resemble the legs in colour, the digital joint having a
tinge of brown; the radial is larger than the cubital joint, and projects from its extremity a
long, bifid apophysis, curved obliquely, in front of the digital joint, and a short, obtuse
one underneath; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a lobe on the outer side, near its
base; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which
are very highly developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with a black, filiform spine
at their extremity, on the outer side, which is enveloped in membrane, and curved in
a circular form ; these organs are of a dark, reddish-brown colour. The cephalo-
thorax is oval, convex, glossy, rather prominent before, with a short, vertical prominence
situated in the middle of the space surrounded by the eyes, wdiose summit is somewhat
enlarged and slightly notched, and is of a dark-brown colour, tinged with red. The eyes are
disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, high above the frontal margin; the four
intermediate ones describe a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each
lateral pair are seated obliquely on a small tubercle, and are contiguous; the anterior eyes of
the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The falces are conical, divergent at the extremity,
armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum; the maxillae
are short, and strongly inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the
apex. These organs are of a brownish-red colour, the base of the lip being the darkest. The
sternum is heart-shaped, convex, glossy, and of a dark-brown colour, tinged with red. The

294

LINYPHIIDiE.

abdomen is oviform, glossy, sparingly clothed with hairs, moderately convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and has a brown-black hue, that of the branchial opercula
and spinners being yellowish-white.

This species, which is closely allied to Walckenaera cuspidata and Walckenaera monoceros,
was taken atLyndhurst, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, in the summer of 1860.

Walckenaera obtusa. PI. XX, fig. 208.

WalcTcenaera obtusa, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii,
p. 482.

_ — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 273.

Length of the male, 1 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, 5 ' 5 th;
breadth of the abdomen, Ath; length of an anterior leg, ftths; length of a leg of the third
pair, 5 th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a slight indentation in the medial line,
and the sternum is oblong heart-shaped. These parts, with the falces, maxillm, and lip, have
a dark,brownish-black hue. The legs are hairy, and have a bright-rufous tint; the two
superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base.
The palpi resemble the legs in colour; the cubital joint is clavate, and the radial joint, which
is short, terminates in three apophyses; the largest curves outwards before the digital joint,
the next in size is exterior to this, and has a small, pointed process at its base, in front, and
the smallest is situated underneath; the digital joint is somewhat oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, compli¬
cated in structure, with a strong spine on the outer side, curved in a circular form, and are of
a brownish-black colour, tinged with red. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, and pro¬
jects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is sparingly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a
deep-black hue.

A few males of Walckenaera obtusa , in a state of maturity, were discovered under stones
at Oakland in February, 1835. Between the male of this species and the male of Walckenaera
cuspidata there is a striking resemblance; but the smaller size of the latter, the comparative
shortness of its sternum, differences in the structure of its palpi, and especially the acute,
conical prominence situated within the trapezoid formed by the four intermediate eyes, effec¬
tually serve to distinguish it from the former.

WALCKEN AERA.

295

Walckenaera fuscipes. PI. XX, fig. 209.

Walckenaera fuscipes , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii,
p. 481.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 273.

Length of the male, Ath of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, Ath;
breadth of the abdomen, ^nd; length of an anterior leg, Ath ; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a slight indentation in the medial line;
the anterior part, which is prominent and acute, is compressed, and deeply indented on the
sides, and has a slight indentation above; in front it is divided into two segments by a trans¬
verse groove; the falces are conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the legs are provided with hairs; the
two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its
base. These parts, with the maxillae and lip, are of a brown colour. The eyes are distributed
in pairs on the anterior prominence of the cephalo-thorax; one pair is situated on the summit
of its superior segment, and another on a small protuberance on the upper part of the inferior
segment, in front; these eyes describe a narrow trapezoid, whose anterior side is the shortest;
the two other pairs are seated on the sides of the frontal prominence, and the eyes constituting
each are contiguous. The palpi have a brown tint, the radial and digital joints being much
the darkest; the radial joint terminates in two apophyses; one, which is large, depressed, and
hairy, overlaps the base of the digital joint, and the other, which is small, projects on the inner
side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are highly developed, not very complex in structure, and of a brown
colour, tinged with red. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, and projects over the base
of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue;
that of the branchial opercula being pale-yellow.

Adult males of this species were found under stones at Oakland, in March, 1835.

Walckenaera punctata. PI. XX, fig. 210.

Walckenaera punctata, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 629.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 274.

Argus trapezoides, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 503.

Length of the female, T gth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;

39

206

LINYPHIIDiE.

breadth of the abdomen, ~’th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The eyes of the lateral pairs are the largest, and the two anterior ones of the four forming
the trapezoid are much the smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy,
prominent before, with numerous strongly marked punctures on the margins, from which rows
of punctures converge towards an indentation in the medial line; the falces are moderately
strong, conical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum,
which is broad, heart-shaped, and thickly marked with punctures; the maxillae incline towards
the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are of a very dark-
brown colour, the falces and maxillae having a tinge of red. The legs and palpi are slender,
provided with hairs, and of a red colour. Each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two
superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The
abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
sparingly clothed with hairs, glossy, and has a black hue ; the sexual organs are rather pro¬
minent, and of a reddish-brown colour; that of the branchial opercula being dull-yellow.

The male is smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. Each falx has two
contiguous, acute, toothlike processes near its extremity, towards the inner side. The radial
joint of the palpi is stronger than the cubital joint, and projects tw T o pointed apophyses from
its extremity, in front, the superior one being much the more prominent; the digital joint has
a short oval form; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal
organs, which are moderately developed, not very complex in structure, rather prominent, and
of a red-brown colour. The anterior part of the cephalo-thorax is prominent, with an oblong
indentation directed backwards from each lateral pair of eyes.

M. Walckenaer, in disposing of Walckenaera punctata as a synonym of Argus trapezo'ides ,
refers to his 4 Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt/ tom. ii, p. 353, for an account of the latter; but
as no species bearing that name appears to be included in the volume, it must suffice to direct
attention to the error.

Females of this spider were taken in May, 1838, under stones in a moist pasture near
Llanrwst; and, in the summer of 1854, Mr. R. II. Meade captured an individual of the same
sex at Hornsea, near the east coast of Yorkshire. An adult male has since been found under
a stone in a wood near Hendre House.

Walckenaera parallela. PI. XX, fig. 211.

Theridion parallelum, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 234, taf. 16, fig. 1.

Argus parallelus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 366.

Length of the female, T 5 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, -th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, -^th.

WALCKENAERA.

297

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, depressed at the base, prominent in the
cephalic region, and marked with numerous minute punctures, forming rows which converge
from the lateral margins towards the middle; the falces are small, conical, and vertical; the
maxillae are strongly inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex;
and the sternum is broad, heart-shaped, convex, glossy, and marked with minute punctures,
particularly on the sides. These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the falces and maxillae
being the palest. The legs are provided with hairs, and have a yellow-red hue; the fourth
pair is the longest, then the first, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated
by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the inferior one
is inflected near its base. The palpi are short, and somewhat paler than the legs. The eyes,
which are nearly equal in size, are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, high
above the frontal margin; the four intermediate ones form an elongated trapezoid, the two
anterior ones, constituting its shortest side, being rather the smallest of the eight; and those
of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a small tubercle, and are almost in contact. The
abdomen is oviform, somewhat pointed at the spinners, convex above, projecting over the base
of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with short hairs, marked with numerous minute
punctures, and has four conspicuous, indented spots disposed in pairs on the upper part, of
which the two posterior ones are the largest and widest apart; its colour is brown-black, and
that of the branchial opercula is dark-brown.

The sexes resemble each other in colour, but the male, which is the smaller, has the
cephalic region much more prominent than the female; it has a narrow indentation directed
backwards from each lateral pair of eyes, and is divided into two lobes by a transverse furrow
in front; the posterior intermediate eyes are seated transversely on the superior lobe, and the
other six on the inferior lobe, a marked protuberance occurring between the anterior inter¬
mediate pair and the frontal margin. The palpi are of a brown colour; the cubital is larger
than the radial joint, and the latter projects a long, straight, pointed apophysis from its
extremity, in front, and a minute one on the outer side; the digital joint is oval, convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are moderately deve¬
loped, rather prominent, complex in structure, with a curved, filiform spine, and some delicate
membrane at their extremity, and are of a dark-brown colour.

Adult individuals of both sexes of this species were taken in Portland, by the Rev. O. P.
Cambridge, in the autumn of 1859.

Walckenaera obscura. PL XX, fig. 212.

Walckenaera obscura, Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 321.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix^

p. 274.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, J ? th, breadth, ^nd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, -^th ; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

293

LINYPHIIDiE.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, and glossy ; it is prominent before, where the eyes are
seated, and, with the falces, maxillae, lip and sternum, is of a brownish-black colour. The legs
have a red-brown hue; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour; the cubital and
radial joints are short, and the latter, which is the stronger, has two small apophyses at its
extremity, one situated in front, and the other on the outer side; the digital joint is somewhat
oval, with a bold, conical protuberance in the middle ; it is convex and hairy externally,
concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in
structure, with a short, curved spine at their base, on the outer side, a long filiform one under¬
neath, which curves downwards to their extremity, where there is a pointed spine curved
outwards, and are of a red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, and
projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a
brownish-black hue.

Several males of this species, having the palpal organs fully developed, were obtained on
iron rails at Crump sail Hall in April, 1834, and on plants growing in woods at Oakland, in
June, 1835.

Walckenaera flavipes. PI. XX, fig. 213.

Walckenaera flavipes , Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 322.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 274.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, - 3 ' 5 th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, T ’ 3 th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a minute indentation in the medial line;
and the falces are inclined towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped. These
parts, with the maxillse and lip, have a dark, brownish-black hue. The legs and palpi are
provided with hairs, and are of a dull-yellow colour, faintly tinged with red. Each tarsus is
terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the
base of the cephalo-thorax; it is sparingly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a black hue.

The male has an obtuse prominence on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, on each
side of which there is a large indentation, directed backwards from the lateral eyes. The
radial joint of the palpi is longer than the cubital and tapers to the extremity, which is greatly
curved outwards, in front of the digital joint; this latter joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, com¬
plicated in structure, with a slightly curved spine projecting in front from within the curvature
of the radial joint, and another, almost describing a circle, situated at their extremity; they
are of a red-brown colour.

WALCKENAERA.

299

In May, 1834, an adult male WalcJcenaera flavipes was captured under the exfoliating
bark of a sycamore at Crumpsall Hall, and in the spring of 1840 both sexes were met with
under stones imbedded in the earth in a pasture at Oakland.

Walckenaera turgida. PI. XX, fig. 214.

WalcJcenaera turgida , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 630.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag, of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 274.

Length of the female, fjth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, n 5 th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, *md; length of an anterior leg, nth; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The legs and palpi are robust, provided with hairs, and of a reddish-brown colour.
Each tarsus is terminated by three claws ; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy,
slightly prominent behind the eyes, with a small indentation in the medial line, and is of a
dark-brown colour. The falces are moderately strong, armed with teeth on the inner surface,
inclined towards the sternum, and of a dark-brown hue, slightly tinged with red. The maxillae
are somewhat lighter coloured than the falces. The sternum is broad, heart-shaped, convex,
and, with the lip, has a dark-brown tint. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting
over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs, and of a brown colour ob¬
scurely mottled with darker brown; that of the branchial opercula being pale, yellowish-brown.

The male is darker coloured than the female, and has a strong prominence on the
anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, which is deeply indented on the sides. On this
prominence the eyes are seated, and immediately before each eye of the superior pair there is
a large, obtuse protuberance. The radial joint of the palpi is rather larger than the cubital,
and projects a strong, bifid apophysis in front, having the process on the inner side longer
and more pointed than that on the outer side; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,
prominent, complicated in structure, with a fine, curved spine at the extremity, and are of a
red-brown colour.

Specimens of this spider were discovered in the autumn of 1836 under stones and
blocks of wood in the plantations at Crumpsall Hall.

A suspicion is expressed by M. Walckenaer that WalcJcenaera turgida may be identical
with Argus parallelus (‘ Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt./ tom. iv, p. 508) ; but the males of these
species exhibit differences in the form of the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax and in
the disposition of the eyes.

300

LINYPHIIILE.

Walckenaera atra. PI. XXI, fig. 215.

Walckenaera atra , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 631.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 274.

Argus ater, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 508.

Length of the female, Ath of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^nd, breadth, ~jth;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th; length of an anterior leg, Ath; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The two anterior eyes of the four intermediate ones forming the trapezoid are the
smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, depressed on the sides,
which are marked with slight furrows converging towards an indentation in the medial line.
The falces are moderately strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped. The maxillse incline towards the
lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. The legs are provided with hairs; the
two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its
base. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, convex above, and projects
over the base of the cephalo-thorax. The colour of this spider is black, with the exception
of the falces, maxillse, legs and palpi, which are brown, the first two being much the darkest.

The male is rather smaller than the female, and the anterior part of its cephalo-thorax,
where the eyes are situated, is prominent but obtuse, with an oblong indentation on each
side, extending backwards from the lateral eyes. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi
are short, the latter being much the stronger; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, com¬
plicated in structure, with a long, black, very prominent, curved, filiform spine, enveloped in
membrane, originating about the middle of the outer side, and a short, straight, pointed one
at their extremity; their colour is reddish-browm.

Both sexes of Walckenaera atra , the males having the palpal organs in a perfect state of
development, were found in May, 1838, under stones in a moist pasture near Llanrwst.

In the * Transactions of the Linnean Society,’ vol. xviii, p. 632, a conjecture is advanced
that this species may be the same as the Theridion acuminatum of M. Wider (Museum
Senckenbergianum, B. 1, p. 232, taf. 15, fig. 11); but well-marked differences in size,
structure, and colour, plainly show that they are distinct; and a comparison made between
Walckenaera atra and Argus bicuspidatus, as suggested by M. Walckenaer in his * Hist. Nat.
des Insect. Apt.’ tom. iv, p. 508, has been attended with a similar result.

WALCKENAERA.

301

WALCKENAERA AGGERIS. PI. XXI, fig. 216.

Walckenaera aggeris, Cambridge, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. v,
p. 173.

Length of the female, «th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ~th, breadth, 2 §th;
breadth of the abdomen, 54 th; length of a posterior leg, T ’ 6 th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^tli.

The eyes, which are nearly equal in size, are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-
thorax, high above the frontal margin; the four intermediate ones form a narrow, elongated
trapezoid, whose anterior side is the shortest; and those of each lateral pair are seated obliquely
on a minute tubercle, and are contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is long, oval, convex, some¬
what glossy, without an indentation in the medial line, and has an oblong, vertical space
between the posterior and anterior intermediate pairs of eyes clothed with short hairs; the
falces are small, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface ; the maxillae are
greatly inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; and the
sternum is broad, convex, and heart-shaped. These parts are of a dark-brown hue, the falces
and maxillae being much the palest. The legs are slender, provided with hairs, and of a
yellowish-red colour, being paler at the articulation of the joints; the fourth pair is the longest,
then the first, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the
two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base.
The palpi are short and resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen, which has a black hue,
is oviform, glossy, sparingly clothed with hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of
the cephalo-thorax.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male, which is rather the smaller, has an inden¬
tation directed backwards from each lateral pair of eyes, and the oblong, vertical space
between the two intermediate pairs of eyes forming the trapezoid is densely covered with short
hairs. Its palpi are of a yellowish-red hue, with the exception of the digital joint and the
extremity of the radial joint, which have a brownish tint; the humeral joint is curved towards
the cephalo-thorax, and the radial, which is stronger than the cubital joint, is produced at its
extremity, in front, and has an acute apophysis on its outer side; the digital joint is oval, 'with
a small lobe near its extremity, on the outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complicated in
structure, and of a reddish-brown colour.

Males and females of this spider were captured at Southport, in the summer of 1859, by
the Rev. O. P. Cambridge.

302

LINYPHIIM.

Walckenaera hiemalis. PI. XXI, fig. 217.

Walckenaera hiemalis , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 632.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 464.

Length of the female, ~th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, otth, breadth, g B th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^nd; length of an anterior leg, ^th ; length of a leg of the third
pair, nth.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, rather prominent in front, where the eyes
are situated, depressed in the posterior region, w r ith a small indentation in the medial line;
the falces are moderately strong, conical, armed with teeth On the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped. These parts, with the maxillae and
lip, have a brownish-black hue, the falces and maxillae being rather the palest. The legs and
palpi are of a red-brown colour. The two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The abdomen is oviform, convex above,
projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of
a black hue, that of the branchial opercula being brown ; the sexual organs are prominent.

The male is rather smaller than the female. The anterior part of its cephalo-thorax is
prominent, and there is a large indentation behind each lateral pair of eyes. The radial joint
of the palpi has a brown-black tint; it is much larger than the cubital joint, depressed and
hairy, overlapping the base of the digital joint, and is curved outwards at its extremity, imme¬
diately above which, on the outer side, there is a curved, pointed spine, with a process at its
base; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs; they are highly developed, complicated in structure, with several curved,
pointed spines at their extremity, and are of a reddish-brown colour.

Numerous individuals of this species were observed running actively on rails in meadows
and pastures near Llanrwst in December, 1836, and January, 1837.

In his * Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres,’ tom. iv, p. 510, M. Walckenaer has added
Walckenaera hiemalis to the synonyma of Argus cucullatus, from which it differs in size, colour,
and organization. In the form of the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax and in the dispo¬
sition of the eyes, the males of these spiders are very dissimilar.

Walckenaera bifrons. PI. XXI, fig. 218.

Walckenaera bifrons , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 634.

— Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,
p. 464.

— Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 510.

Argus

WALCKENAERA.

303

Length of the male, nth of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th; length of an anterior leg, §th; length of a leg of the third
pair, nth.

On the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, which is compressed, there is a large, per¬
pendicular, obtuse prominence, divided into two lobes at the summit by a longitudinal furrow;
the posterior part is depressed, and the frontal margin is very prominent; the falces are small,
conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is
broad and heart-shaped; the maxillae are inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and
prominent at the apex. These parts have a dark-brown tint, the lip and frontal prominence
of the cephalo-thorax being the darkest. The legs are provided with hairs, and have a yel¬
lowish-red hue; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one
is inflected near its base. Four eyes, situated on the anterior part of the frontal prominence,
form a square ; the two superior ones are seated on a minute tubercle, and the inferior ones
are the smallest of the eight; the other four are disposed in pairs on the sides of the pro¬
minence, near the front, those of each pair being contiguous. The palpi resemble the legs in
colour; the radial joint, which is much shorter than the cubital, projects a small, slightly
curved apophysis from its extremity, on the outer side; the digital joint is oval, convex and
hairy externally, with an indentation at its base, on the outer side; it is concave within, com¬
prising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a curved,
black spine at the extremity, enveloped in membrane, and are of a reddish-brown hue. The
abdomen is oviform, convex above,projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly
clothed -with hairs, glossy, and of a dark-brown colour, that of the branchial opercula being
dull-yellow\

Mr. T. Glover captured an adult male of this rare spider in June, 1838, among coarse
herbage in Gwydyr Wood, near Bettws y Coed, Caernarvonshire.

Walckenaera bicolor.

Walckenaera bicolor, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 635.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 464.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^nd, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^nd; length of an anterior leg, T ' r th; length of a leg of the third
pair, i^th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, prominent but obtuse before, with an indenta¬
tion immediately behind each lateral pair of eyes, and a slight one in the medial line; the falces
are conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is
broad and heart-shaped; the legs and palpi are moderately robust, and are provided with
hairs. These parts, with the maxillae and lip, have a brown hue, the lip being the darkest

40

304

LINYPHIIDiE.

and the legs the lightest coloured. The two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The cubital and radial joints of the palpi are
short, the latter being much the stronger; the digital joint is oval, with a projection on the
outer side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs,
which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a slender process at the base,
directed upwards, a bold protuberance on the inner side, and a fine, convoluted, filiform spine,
enveloped in membrane, extending from the upper part to the extremity; their colour is red-
brown. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting over
the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a brownish-black colour, and that of the branchial
opercula is pale-yellow.

M. Walckenaer is of opinion that Walckenaera bicolor should rank as a synonym of Argus
elongatm (Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., t. iv, p. 509); but they may be readily distinguished
from each other by differences in size, structure, and colour.

Males of this species, with the palpal organs fully developed, were taken in July, 1836,
on rails near Llanrwst.

Walckenaera parva. PI. XXI, fig. 219.

Walckenaera parva , Blackw. Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 635.

.— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 465.

Argus parvus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 508.

Length of the female, T ’ s th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^.nd, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th ; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, r/oth.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, glossy, very convex behind the eyes, depressed in the
posterior region, with an exceedingly minute indentation in the medial line; the falces are
moderately powerful, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the
sternum, which is heart-shaped and glossy; the maxillae are strong, and inclined towards the
lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts, with the legs and palpi,
are of a brown colour, the falces, lip, and margins of the cephalo-thorax being the darkest.
The two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near
its base. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a very dark, brown-black hue, that of
the branchial opercula being brown.

The male, though smaller than the female, resembles her in colour; but it differs from
her in having an indentation on each side of the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, imme¬
diately behind the lateral eyes. The radial joint of the palpi, which is rather shorter and
stronger than the cubital, projects an acute, prominent apophysis from its extremity, in front;
t he digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs,

WALCKENAERA.

305

which are moderately developed, not complicated in structure, somewhat prominent, and of a
red-brown colour.

In December, 1836, and January, 1837, this minute spider was seen in considerable
numbers on rails near Llanrwst.

Walckenaera exilis. PI. XXI, fig. 220.

Walckenaera exilis, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xi,
p. 24.

— — Blackw., Ibid., p. 120.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, & th, breadth, sath;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, #h; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones describe a narrow,
oblong trapezoid, whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a small tubercle and are contiguous; the lateral eyes are the largest, and the
two anterior ones of the trapezoid are much the smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax
is oval, convex, glossy, prominent before, depressed in the posterior region, with a narrow
indentation directed backwards from each lateral pair of eyes, and is of a dark-brown colour.
The falces are small, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the
sternum, which is heart-shaped ; the maxillae are enlarged where the palpi are inserted, and
inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex; the legs are
moderately long and hairy; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the
inferior one is inflected near its base. These parts are of a pale-brown hue, the falces and
lip being the darkest, and the sternum having a slight tinge of green. The palpi resemble
the legs in colour, with the exception of the radial and digital joints, which have a dark-
brown tint; the radial is stronger than the cubital joint, and projects two pointed apophyses
from its extremity, in front; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, very prominent, complicated
in structure, with a short, curved, black, projecting spine at their extremity, and are of a
brown colour, tinged with red. The abdomen is small, oviform, hairy, convex above, pro¬
jecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a yellowish-brown colour, with obscure
marks of a deeper shade.

A specimen of this diminutive Walckenaera , in a state of maturity, was discovered among
moss growing at the root of an oak in a wood on the noithern slope of Guilt y Rh\ 0 in
October, 1852.

306

LINYPHIIM.

Walckenaera depressa. PL XXI, fig. 221.

Walckenaera depressa, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. viii,
p. 482.

— — Black\v., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 465.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^nd ;
breadth of the abdomen, 5 J c th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The abdomen is broad and oviform, but depressed, and somewhat pointed at the spinners;
it projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax, is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a
brownish-black hue, that of the branchial opercula being dark-brown. The cephalo-thorax
has a short oval form ; it is glossy, convex, prominent but obtuse before, where the eyes are
situated, depressed in the posterior region, and without an indentation in the medial line;
the falces are moderately strong, conical, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is
broad and heart-shaped. These parts, with the maxillse, lip, legs, and palpi, are of a dark-
brown colour, the cephalo-thorax, sternum, and lip being much the darkest, and the legs and
palpi having a tinge of red. The two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and
the inferior one is inflected near its base. The cephalo-thorax, sternum, and abdomen, are
marked with minute punctures.

The male is smaller than the female, but it closely resembles her in colour. The cubital
and radial joints of its palpi are short; the latter is the larger, and has two small apophyses
at its extremity, in front; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure,
with a curved process at the extremity projecting beyond the end of the joint, and are of a
dark, red-brown colour.

Adult males of Walckenaera depressa were detected under stones in a wood at Oakland
in April, 1835, and in June, 1837, both sexes were procured in the same locality. It occurs
also in Berwickshire, in which county Mr. J. Hardy took an adult female in 1858.

Walckenaera pratensis. PI. XXI, fig. 222.

Walckenaera pratensis , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. viii,
p. 445.

Length of the female, *th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T ’ 5 th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ith.

The eyes are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows;

WALCKENAERA.

307

the four intermediate ones describe a trapezoid, the two anterior ones, which are the smallest
of the eight, forming its shortest side; the eyes of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a
tubercle, and are contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with slight furrows
on the sides converging towards an indentation in the medial line; the lip is semicircular and
prominent at the apex; and the sternum is broad, heart-shaped, convex, and glossy. These
parts are of a very dark-brown colour, tinged with red, the lateral margins of the cephalo-
thorax being the darkest. The falces are conical, inclined towards the sternum, and armed
with teeth on the inner surface; and the maxillae are enlarged where the palpi are inserted,
and inclined towards the lip. These organs have a brown-red hue. The legs and palpi are
provided with hairs, and are of a yellowish-red colour; the fourth pair of legs is the longest,
then the first, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws ;
the two superior ones are curved and slender, and the inferior one is inflected near its base.
The abdomen is oviform, glossy, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; it is thinly clothed with short hairs, and has a black hue; the sexual organs are
minute, and of a reddish-brown colour, that of the branchial opercula being pale-yellow.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male, which is rather the smaller, has the
anterior part of the cephalo-thorax more elevated, and has a narrow indentation directed
backwards from each lateral pair of eyes. Its palpi are short, and the radial and digital
joints have a dark-brown hue ; the humeral joint is curved towards the cephalo-thorax, and
the radial, which is stronger than the cubital joint, has a small, curved, pointed apophysis at
its extremity, in front, towards the inner side ; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, com¬
plicated in structure, with a black, filiform spine at their extremity, on the outer side ; this
spine is curved in a circular form, and within the curvature there is a prominent, pointed,
slightly curved spine, at the base of which there is some whitish membrane; the colour of
these organs is dark-brown, faintly tinged with red.

Females of this species, in a state of complete development, have been found on several
occasions among herbage growing in meadows and old pastures near Hendre House; and in
May, 1860, the Rev. O. P. Cambridge took adult individuals of both sexes on the banks of
the Conway.

Walckenaera iiumilis. PI. XXI, fig. 223.

Walckenaera humilis , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol, xviii, p. 636.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 465.

Argus — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 506.

Length of the female, 7 ’ B th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, g 5 nd;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, glossy, convex behind the eyes, depressed in the posterior

308

LINYPHIIDiE.

region, with an indentation in the medial line; the falces are moderately strong, conical,
armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad,
heart-shaped, convex, and glossy. These parts, with the maxillae and lip, have a brown-black
tint, the falces and maxillae being the brownest. The legs and palpi are robust, provided
with hairs and a few fine spines, and are of a red-brown colour. The anterior and posterior
pairs of legs, which are the longest, are equal in length, and the third pair is the shortest ;
the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near
its base. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-
thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, and has a brownish-black hue, that of the branchial
opercula being very dark-brown.

The male is rather darker coloured than the female, and the anterior part of its cephalo-
thorax, which is prominent and truncated, has numerous short hairs on its summit. On this
summit the eyes are distributed ; one pair, situated on its posterior part, forms with another
on its anterior margin an elongated trapezoid whose anterior side is considerably the shortest,
and the two other pairs are disposed on the lateral margins, the eyes constituting each being
contiguous ; the anterior eyes of the trapezoid are much the smallest of the eight. The
sexes differ also in the relative length of their legs, the posterior pair of the male surpassing
the anterior pair a little in longitudinal extent. The palpi have a dark hue; the humeral
joint is clavate, and has a small, pointed apophysis at the base, on the inner side ; the cubital
and radial joints are moderately long ; the latter projects a large apophysis from its extremity,
which curves outwards and rather upwards in front of the digital joint; it is somewhat
enlarged at its termination and has a pointed process on the convex side; a small, obtuse
apophysis occurs also on the under side of the joint; the digital joint is oval, convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,
very prominent, complicated in structure, with a strong, curved, black spine at the base, and
a fine, convoluted one on the outer side, near the extremity, contiguous to which, on the
under side, there is a slightly curved, pointed, projecting process ; the colour of these organs
is red-brown.

Several specimens of this spider were found in October, 1836, under slates in the garden
belonging to Thomas Warner, Esq., of Crumpsall Green, near Manchester; others were
observed afterwards on rails at Crumpsall Hall; and in 1840 Miss Ellen Clayton met with
males and females of this species near Garstang in Lancashire.

Walckenaera vafra.

Walckenaera vafra , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xvii,
p. 235.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. xx, p. 502.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, 5 ^nd j
breadth of the abdomen, ^nd; length of a posterior leg, <f 3 ths; length of a leg of the thir
pair, |jths.

walckenaMa.

309

The legs are long, slender, hairy, and have a bright, yellowish-red hue; the fourth pair is
the longest, then the first, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by
three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is
inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, but the radial and digital
joints are tinged with brown; the cubital joint is clavate; the radial joint projects two
apophyses from its extremity; one, on the inner side, is large, pointed, curved outwards in
front of the digital joint, and has near its base a minute process on the convex side, and a
large obtuse one on the opposite side; the other apophysis, which is smaller and obtuse, is
situated underneath ; the digital joint is somewhat oval, convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are highly developed, complicated in
structure, with two long, filiform, contiguous black spines enveloped in membrane, originating
near the middle, and curved in a circular form on the outer side; a shorter one, also origi¬
nating near the middle, and enveloped in membrane, is curved obliquely downwards, and
their prevailing colour is brownish-red. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed
towards each other. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a strong, vertical
prominence before, which is somewhat compressed on the sides and surmounted by a few
hairs; the falces are small, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad, glossy, and heart-shaped ; the maxillae are powerful,
and curved towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts
are of a brownish-red colour, with the exception of the anterior prominence of the cephalo-
thorax, which has a dark-brown hue, tinged with red. The eyes are seated on the anterior
part of the cephalo-thorax, two on the summit of the vertical prominence, and the other six
at its base, in front, each lateral pair being placed obliquely. The abdomen is oviform,
convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is sparingly clothed with
hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black colour, that of the branchial opercula being pale,
yellowish-white.

Adult males of this species were discovered under stones in the woods about Hendre
House, near Llanrwst, in October, 1S55.

Walckenaera cristata. PI. XXI, fig. 224.

Walckenaera cristata, Blaclcw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii,
p. 107.

_ — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 317, pi. 2, figs. 7—10.

_ _ Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 465.

Theridion bicorne, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 220, taf. 14, fig. 12.
Micryphantes ccespitum, Koch, Uebers des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 12.

_ — Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 104?, tab. 281, figs. 673, 674.

Argus bicornis , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 36o.

Length of the female, Jffch of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, And;

310

LINYPHIIDJE.

breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ~th; length of a leg of the third
pair, 7 ’ T th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, prominent before, with a minute indentation
in the medial line; the sternum is broad and heart-shaped; the falces are moderately strong,
conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface. These parts, with the maxillae
and lip, have a brownish-black tint, the maxillae being the brownest. The legs are of a red-
brown colour; the anterior and posterior pairs, which are the longest, are equal in length,
and the third pair is the shortest; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated,
and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The
abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
sparingly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a black hue, that of the branchial opercula and
spinners being dull, yellowish-brown.

In external structure the male differs from the female in several particulars; its posterior
is longer than its anterior pair of legs, and the anterior prominence of its cephalo-thorax,
which is more elevated, is divided into two segments at its summit by a deep, transverse
groove, each segment being surmounted by a tuft of fine hairs inclined towards the groove
and forming a crest. One pair of eyes is seated on the hinder part of the posterior segment,
near its summit, and another pair is situated near the summit of the anterior segment, in
front, describing with the former an elongated trapezoid, whose shortest side is before; the
other eyes are disposed in pairs on the sides of the frontal prominence, and are contiguous -
the eyes of each lateral pair are the largest, and those of the anterior pair of the trapezoid are
the smallest of the eight. The cubital joint of the palpi is clavate, and the radial joint has
two apophyses at its extremity; the larger terminates in a point curved outwards in front of
the digital joint, and the smaller projects underneath; the digital joint is oval, convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed,
with several curved, spine-like processes, and are of a dark, red-brown colour.

Mr. Thomas Blackwall discovered this species in October, 1832, under stones and on
rails in the neighbourhood of Manchester. It has since been met with in similar situations
near Llanrwst, and has also been taken near Bradford in Yorkshire by Mr. R. H. Meade.

Walckenaera antica. PL XXI, fig. 225.

Walckenaera antica, Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,
p. 465.

— apicata, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 637.

Theridion anticum, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 221, taf. 15, fig. 1.
Micryphanles tibialis , Koch, Die Arachn., Band iii, p. 47, tab. 89, fig. 203; and
Band viii, p. 107, tab. 282, fig. 675.

Argus anticus , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 357.

— apicatus, Walck., Ibid,, tom. iv, p. 509.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^nd;

WALCKENAERA.

311

breadth of the abdomen, »jth; length of a posterior leg, Jth ; length of a leg of the third
pair, rrjth.

The legs are provided with hairs, and a few fine, erect spines, and are of a red-brown
colour, with the exception of the tibiae of the first and second pairs, which have a dark-
brown tint; the fourth pair is rather the longest, then the first, and the third pair is the
shortest ; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is
inflected near its base. The colour of the palpi is dark-brown. The cephalo-thorax is oval,
convex, glossy, with slight furrows on the sides, and a minute indentation in the medial line;
the falces are moderately strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad, convex, and heart-shaped. These parts, with the lip,
have a brownish-black tint, and that of the maxillae is reddish-brown. The abdomen is
oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with
hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue; the sexual organs are rather prominent, and the
colour of the branchial opercula is yellow.

The male resembles the female in colour, and in the relative length of its legs. The
anterior part of its cephalo-thorax is prominent, and divided into two segments by a transverse
groove in front; the posterior segment is the larger, and has a pair of eyes seated on its
summit, which is obtuse and rounded; the anterior segment is surmounted by a small, conical
eminence, near the apex of which, in front, there are two minute processes curved upwards;
at the base of this cone, immediately below the curved processes, the smallest pair of eyes is
situated, the two lateral pairs being placed on the sides of the anterior segment. The
radial joint of the palpi is larger than the cubital, and consists of three parts ; one situated in
front, which is broad, and round at the extremity ; a smaller one underneath of a similar form ;
and along, slender one on the inner side, which passes obliquely before the digital joint;
this joint is somewhat oval, with a prominent lobe on the outer side; it is convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, com¬
plicated in structure, with a fine spine at their extremity, enveloped in membrane, and curved
iu a circular form ; they are of a reddish-brown colour.

As the Argus anticus and Argus apiccitus of M. Wackenaer are the same, and are identical
with Walclcenaera antica, they are included among the synonyma of that species, which was
observed on rails near Llanrwst, in November, 1837, and again in May, 1838.

Walckenaera saxicola. PI. NXI, fig. 226.

Walckenaera saxicola, Camb., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. vii,
p. 440.

Length of the female, T Uh of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, slmd; length of a posterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, jyth.

41

312

LiNYPHinm

The legs are slender, and provided with hairs; the fourth pair is the longest, then the
first, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two
superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its
base; the palpi are short; the falces are conical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface,
and inclined towards the sternum. These parts are of a yellow-brown colour, the legs, which
are the palest, having the tibiae of the first and second pairs of a dark-brown hue. The
cephalo-thorax is compressed before, rounded on the sides, convex, particularly in the cephalic
region, glossy, and has an indentation in the medial line; the maxillae are short, obliquely
truncated at the extremity, on the outer side, and inclined towards the lip, which is semi¬
circular and prominent at the apex; and the sternum is broad, convex, glossy, and heart-
shaped. These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the sternum and lip being the darkest, and
the maxillae the palest. The eyes are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax;
the four intermediate ones describe a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those
of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a minute tubercle, and are contiguous; the
anterior eyes of the trapezoid are the smallest of the eight. The abdomen is oviform, thinly
clothed with hairs, glossy, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and
is of a brown-black hue; the sexual organs are highly developed and prominent.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is rather smaller than the female, and the
anterior part of its cephalo-thorax is more convex. The radial joint of its palpi is much
stronger than the cubital, and projects from its extremity, on the inner side, a long, slender
apophysis curved outwards in front of the digital joint, a strong, crescent-shaped one in front,
towards the outer side, and a short, obtuse one underneath; the digital joint is somewhat
oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are
highly developed, complex in structure, with a black, filiform spine near the middle, curved
in a circular form, and within the curvature, a black spine enveloped in membrane, and
directed obliquely forwards and downwards; these organs have a red-brown colour.

Specimens of this active species, which resembles Walckenaera antica in having the
tibiae of the first and second pairs of legs of a dark-brown colour, but differs from it
widely in other particulars, were taken under pieces of rock and stone in Portland, by the
Rev. 0. P. Cambridge, in the summer of 1860.

Walckenaera pumila. PI. XXI, fig. 227.

Walckenaera pumila , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 639.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 466.

Argus pumilus , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 508.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, T jth.

WALCKENAERA.

313

The four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose shortest side is before; the other four,
disposed in pairs on the sides of the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, are the largest,
and the two anterior ones of the trapezoid the smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is
oval, glossy, depressed on the sides, which are marked with slight furrows converging towards
an indentation in the medial line; the falces are moderately strong, conical, armed with teeth
on the inner surface, and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the
maxillae are inclined towards the lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex.
These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the falces and maxillae being the palest. The legs
are moderately robust, provided with hairs and some erect spines, and have a reddish-
brown tint; the fourth pair is rather the longest, then the first, which a little surpasses the
second, and the third pair is the shortest; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pec¬
tinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour.
The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it
is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a black hue, that of the branchial opercula being
dull-yellow.

The male is rather smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour and in the
relative length of its legs. The anterior part of its cephalo-thorax is prominent but obtuse,
with an oblong indentation on each side, extending backwards from the lateral eyes. The
cubital and radial joints of the palpi are short; the latter is elongated at its extremity, on the
inner side, and projects a short, pointed apophysis in front; the digital joint has a dark-
brown tint; it is very broad and crescent-shaped at the extremity, narrow and prominent at
the base, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which
are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a long, curved, filiform spine, originating
in a protuberance near the extremity of the inner limb of the crescent, and a straight, pointed
spine, contiguous to some prominent, transparent membrane, near the extremity of the outer
limb ; these organs are of a dark-brown colour, tinged with red.

Both sexes of this spider secrete themselves under stones in moist pastures near Llanrwst.
The male, which has been taken in Berwickshire by Mr. J. Hardy, has the palpal organs
developed in May.

Walckenaera picina. PI. XXI, fig. 228.

Walckenaera picina, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 640.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 466.

Argus picinus, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv, p. 50 7.

Length of the male, 4th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, 4th, breadth, 4nd;
breadth of the abdomen, 4th; length of a posterior leg, 4th; length of a leg of the third
pair, 4th.

The cephalo-thorax has a small indentation in the medial line; the anterior part is promi-

314

LINYPHIIDiE.

nent but obtuse, with a large indentation immediately behind each lateral pair of eyes; the
falces are moderately strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and inclined
towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped ; the maxillae are inclined towards the
lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex. These parts are glossy, and have a
brownish-black hue, the falces and maxillae being the palest. The legs are provided with
hairs, and are of a red-brown colour; the fourth pair is rather the longest, then the first, and
the third pair is the shortest; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and
the inferior one is inflected near its base. The eyes are disposed on the frontal prominence
of the cephalo-thorax ; one pair is seated on the anterior part of its summit, and another,
situated lower down, in front, describes with the former a trapezoid whose inferior side is the
shortest; the eyes of each lateral pair are contiguous, and the two lower ones of the trapezoid
are the smallest of the eight. The palpi have a brown tint; the radial joint is much larger
than the cubital, and its extremity, which is greatly produced, tapers to a point curved out¬
wards in front of the digital joint; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally,
concave within, comprising the palpal organs; they are highly developed, complicated in
structure, with a short, curved, pointed, black spine at the extremity, and are of a reddish-
brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue, that of the
branchial opercula being brown.

A specimen of Walckenaera picina , captured in the neighbourhood of Manchester, was
received from Mr. T. Glover, in June, 1838 ; and in the following month another specimen
was taken near Llanrwst. Both individuals were adult males.

Walckenaera fastigata. PI. XXIf.fig. 229.

Theridion acuminatum , Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 232, taf. 15, fig. 11.

Micryphantes acuminatus , Kocli, Die Araclin., Band iv, p. 130, tab. 143, figs. 332, 333.

Argus — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 370.

Length of the male, T Uh of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ~th, breadth, ~th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, 1th; length of a leg of the third
pair, j,,th.

The cephalo-thorax is large, oval, convex, glossy, depressed at the base, with a broad,
shallow indentation in the medial line; the anterior part, which is very prominent, has a
large indentation on each side, and is divided into two lobes by a deep, transverse groove in
front; the summit of the superior lobe is rounded, with a slight depression in the middle, and
has some short hairs in front; the inferior lobe, which is much the larger, is very convex;
the falces are small, conical, and vertical; the maxillae are powerful, and inclined towards the
lip, which is semicircular and prominent at the apex ; and the sternum is broad, heart-shaped,
convex, and glossy. These parts are of a very dark-brown colour, the base of the cephalo-
thorax being the palest. The eyes are nearly equal in size, and are disposed on the anterior

WALCKENAERA.

315

prominence of the cephalo-thorax; two are seated transversely on the summit of the superior
lobe, and the other six on the summit of the inferior lobe, high above the frontal margin ; the
four intermediate eyes form a long, narrow trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and
those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a minute tubercle. The legs are slender,
provided with hairs, and of a yellowish-red hue; the fourth pair is the longest, then the first,
and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior
ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi
resemble the legs in colour, with the exception of the digital joint, which has a brown hue;
the radial is shorter than the cubital joint, and is produced and pointed at its extremity, in
front; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, coucave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complex in structure, and of a dark-
brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed with hairs, glossy, convex above,
projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and has a brown-black hue.

The trivial name “ acuminata ’ having been given to the typical species of the genus
Walckenaera, the specific name conferred upon this spider by M. Wider has been changed to
fastigata. The specimen from which the description was made was found among moss, at
Southport, in June, 1859, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, and possesses the essential characters
of a Walckenaera in a high state of development.

Walckenaera nemoralis. PI. XXII, fig. 230.

Walckenaera nemoralis, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 641.

_ _ Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 466.

Argus nemoralis , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. iv. p. 507.

Length of the male, Ath of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^nd, breadth, 45 th,
breadth of the abdomen, And ; length of a posterior leg, Ath ; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ath.

The legs are robust and provided with hairs ; the fourth pair is the longest, then the
first, and the third pair is the shortest; the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pecti¬
nated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base; the cephalo-thorax has no indentation
in the medial line; the anterior part is prominent but obtuse, with a transverse groove in
front, which divides it into two segments; one pair of eyes is seated on the upper segment,
near its anterior margin, and the rest are distributed on the lower segment, one pair being
placed on each side, and the other in front; the eyes of the last pair are the smallest of the
eight, and, with those on the upper segment, form a long trapezoid, whose shortest side is
before; the falces are moderately strong, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and
inclined towards the sternum, which is broad, convex, and heart-shaped. These parts, with
the maxillae, lip, and palpi, are of a brown colour, the legs being the palest, and the lip,
anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, and digital joint of the palpi the darkest. The radial
r 41*

316

LINYPHIHLE.

joint of the palpi, which is shorter than the cubital, projects three apophyses from its extremity;
the smallest is situated underneath, the largest in front, and the third, of intermediate size,
on the outer side ; the digital joint is oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, com¬
prising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, with a bold
protuberance near the middle, and a short, fine, curved spine at the extremity; their colour is
dark reddish-brown. The abdomen is oviform, rather broader at the posterior than at the
anterior extremity, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly
clothed with hairs, glossy, and of a brownish-black hue, that of the branchial opercula being
dull-yellow.

In March, 1837, males of this species, in a state of maturity, were found under stones in
woods about Llanrwst.

Walckena’era ludicra. PL XXII, fig. 231.

Walckenaera ludicra , Camb., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. vii,
p. 438.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, 3 ith ;
breadth of the abdomen, 3 \th; length of an anterior leg, ^th ; length of a leg of the third
pair, T * 3 th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a slight indentation in the medial line;
the falces are conical, somewhat inclined towards the sternum, and armed with a few teeth
on the inner surface; the maxillae are short, convex at the base, and inclined towards the
lip; the legs and palpi are moderately long and provided with hairs; the first and fourth
pairs of legs are the longest, and equal in length, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus
is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and slightly pectinated, and
the inferior one is inflected near its base; the abdomen is oviform, glossy, thinly clothed with
hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax. These parts are of a
pale, dull, brownish-yellow colour; the anterior region of the cephalo-thorax, where the eyes
are situated, and its lateral margins being of a dark-brown hue, and the tibiae of the first and
second pairs of legs having a tinge of brown. The lip is semicircular and prominent at the
apex; and the sternum is broad, heart-shaped, convex, and glossy. These parts are of a
brown colour, the lip and margins of the sternum being the darkest. The eyes are disposed
on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows; the four intermediate ones
form a trapezoid whose anterior side is the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are seated
obliquely on a minute tubercle, and are contiguous; the two anterior eyes of the trapezoid
are the smallest of the eight. The sexual organs have a dark, reddish-brown hue, with a
pale-yellowish septum in the middle.

The male is smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. The anterior part of
its cephalo-thorax is elevated, obtuse, inclined backwards, very convex behind, and depressed
on the sides. The two posterior eyes are seated on the summit of the cephalic eminence, in

walckenaEra.

317

front; the other six are situated much lower, hut considerably above the frontal margin, so
that the four intermediate ones describe a long, narrow trapezoid. The palpi are short, and
the radial and digital joints have a brown hue ; the radial, which is much shorter than the
cubital joint, projects a small, pointed apophysis from its extremity, in front, and a smaller one
underneath; the digital joint is short, broad, convex and hairy externally, concave within,
comprising the palpal organs, which are moderately developed, prominent, complicated in
structure, with a curved, black spine near their extremity, on the inner side, and are of a
reddish-brown colour.

Both sexes of this small Walclcenaera were found by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge among
gorse at Hursley, near Winchester, and at Lyndhurst and at Bloxworth, in the summer of
1860 .

Walckenaera frontata, PL XXII, fig. 232.

Savignia frontata , Blackw., Loud, and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii,
p. 105.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 312, pi. 2, figs. 1 , 2.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag, of Nat. Hist,, second series, vol. x,

p. 253.

Length of the male, ~th of an inch ; breadth of the cephalo-thorax, ^th ; breadth of the
abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, T gth ; length of a leg of the third pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax, which is of an elongated-oval form, is convex, glossy, with a
minute indentation in the medial line, and an erect, conical prominence in front, surmounted
by a tuft of fine hairs; the falces are small, conical, armed with teeth on the inner surface,
and inclined towards the sternum, which is broad and heart-shaped; the maxillae are enlarged
at the base, where the palpi are inserted, and greatly inclined towards the lip, which is semi¬
circular and prominent at the apex. These parts have a brownish-black hue, the falces and
maxillae being faintly tinged with red. The eyes are small; four are disposed in a transverse
row behind the base of the frontal prominence, and immediately before each lateral eye another
is situated; two more, seated near the front of the apex of the prominence, are the darkest
of the eight, and are distinguished with difficulty. The legs are moderately long and
provided with hairs; the anterior and posterior pairs are the longest, and equal in length, and
the third pair is the shortest; they are of a brown hue, tinged with red; each tarsus is
terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and the radial, which is
larger and darker than the cubital joint, is depressed, hairy, and tapers to an acute point,
curved outwards in front of the digital joint; the digital joint is somewhat oval, having a
prominent lobe on the outer side, near the base; it is convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complex, with curved,
spine-like processes, and are of a dark, red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex

318

LINYPHHDiE.

above, projecting over the base of the ceplialo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with hairs, glossy,
and black.

Adult males of this interesting species were taken on iron-rails at Crumpsall Hall, in
the autumn of 1832, and it has since been met with, at different seasons of the year, in
various parts of Lancashire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Dorsetshire, Denbighshire and Caernarvon¬
shire. Little is known as regards its economy, except that it is active during the day,
decidedly aeronautic, making frequent ascents into the atmosphere, and that it can exist for a
long period of time immersed in water.

This spider, on which the genus Savignia was founded, was supposed, when discovered,
to have only six eyes. Since then it has been found to possess an additional pair of visual
organs, difficult to be discerned, situated towards the front of the apex of its conical cephalic
prominence; consequently it had to be removed from the tribe Senoculina , in which a place
had been assigned to it, to the genus WalcTcenaera, with the spiders of which genus it is
connected by marked relations of affinity.

Genus — Pachygnatha, Sund.

Eyes arranged on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax, in two transverse rows; the
four intermediate ones form a square, those of each lateral pair being placed obliquely on a
small tubercle, and nearly contiguous.

Maxilla long, inclined towards the lip, slightly dilated at the extremities, which converge
abruptly and are in contact.

Lip large, triangular, pointed or rounded at the apex.

Legs long and slender; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is
the shortest.

Falees very powerful, diverging widely at their extremities.

Pachygnatha Clerckii. PI. XXII, fig. 233.

Pachygnatha Clerckii , Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1829, p. 208, and 1832, p. 258.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 466.

— Listen, Koch, TJebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft., p. 10.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 142, tab. 430, fig. 1064.
Manduculus ambiguus, Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. iii,

p. 111.

— — Blackw., Research, in Zool., p. 359, pi. 3, figs. 3—5.

Theridion maxillosum, Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 37, tab. 53, fig. 122.

Linyphia maxillosa, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 267.

— Clerckii, Walck., Ibid., tom. ii, p. 270.

PACHYGNATHA.

319

Length of the female, 1th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, gth, breadth, -nth ;
breadth of the abdomen, gth; length of an anterior leg, fths; length of a leg of the third
pair, 1th.

The cephalo-thorax is large, convex, glossy, marked with minute punctures, and has an
indentation in the medial line ; it is compressed before, rounded on the sides and in front, and
is of a light, reddish-brown colour, with a longitudinal black band in the middle, another on
each side, and a short, black streak directed backwards from each lateral pair of eyes. The
falces are convex in front, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and a long, moderately curved
fang at their extremity; they have a light, reddish-brown hue, and that of the maxillae and lip
is dark, red-brown, the latter being the darker. The sternum, which is heart-shaped and
marked with minute punctures, is rather darker coloured than the cephalo-thorax. The legs
are sparingly supplied with hairs, and have a pale, yellowish-brown tint; each tarsus is termi¬
nated by three claws; the two superior ones are curved and finely pectinated, and the inferior
one is inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved,
pectinated claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, projecting over
the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is thinly clothed with short hairs, and the upper part, which
is of a yellowish-brown colour, tinged 'with olive, is irregularly bordered with black ; a narrow,
longitudinal band of a pale-yellow hue, having its anterior half bordered with black and
comprising a slender black streak, occupies the medial line, and a broad, dull-yellow band,
which is palest at its superior margin, and is tinged with light-brown below, extends along
each side; the under part is of a yellowish-brown colour, a band of a deeper shade, bounded
laterally by a faint yellow line, extending along the middle; and the branchial opercula have
a yellow tint. This species varies considerably in colour.

The male is smaller than the female, and its abdomen is more distinctly marked, the
upper part being almost black, and the medial and lateral bands nearly white in some indivi¬
duals. Its falces have an obtuse, conical process near the insertion of the fang, which latter
appendage has a small indentation about the middle, externally, and a corresponding projec¬
tion within the curve. The radial joint of the palpi is longer than the cubital, and clavate;
the digital joint consists of two parts; the shorter and slenderer part is connected with the
palpal organs on the upper side, and the longer is in contact with the same organs on t'he
inner side, and extends a little beyond them ; the palpal organs are glossy and globular at the
base, with a pointed process anteriorly, which has the appearance of being somewhat twisted,
and are of a very dark, reddish-brown colour, approaching to black.

Arachnologists, in their endeavours to identify the species constituting the genus Pachy-
gnatha of Professor Sundevall, have involved their synonyma in a labyrinth of such perplexing
intricacy as to render any attempt at revision extremely difficult. In submitting the result
of a careful investigation of the subject to the consideration of zoologists, a hope is entertained
that it may tend to facilitate a more accurate knowledge of this small but interesting group.

The Pacliygnatha Listeri of M. Koch and the Linyphia maxillosa of M. Walckenaer are
evidently the same as Pacliygnatha Clerckii; but the Theridion vernale of M. Hahn and the
Pacliygnatha Listeri of Professor Sundevall, which are included by M. Walckenaer among the
synonyma of Linyphia maxillosa, must not be confounded wdth that species and with each
other, Theridion vernale being identical w’ith the Pacliygnatha Pegeerii of Professor Sundevall.

42

320

LINYPHIIDjE.

As M. Walckenaer states that the description of his Linyphia Clerckii is borrowed from
Professor Sundevall’s account of Pachygnatha Clerckii , of course it must be regarded, not¬
withstanding the great disparity in size, as a synonym of the latter. The spider, represented
by M. Koch as the Pachygnatha Clerckii of Professor Sundevall (‘Die Arachn/, B. xii, p. 146,
tab. 430, fig. 1067) is quite distinct from that species, and is admitted to be an immature
individual by M. Koch himself, who remarks, “ Ich fand sie auf einer Reise in der Nahe von
Zweibriicken, aber nur Weibchen und diese nicht. im Zustande vollstandiger Ausbildung; ein
solches stellt die hier gegebene Abbildung vor.”

Mr. Thomas Blackwall met with Pachygnatha Clerckii , which pairs in October, under
stones and rubbish in the township of Crumpsall, in the autumn, 1831; and specimens of it
have since been received from Yorkshire, Middlesex, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, and
Berwickshire. Mr. R. Templeton states that it is common in Ireland. In it are combined
several striking characteristics of the species composing the genera Theridion and Tetragnatha.
Allied to the former by the structure of the oral apparatus, and by the irregularity of the
insignificant web it fabricates, it resembles the latter in the form and relative length of its
legs, which it frequently extends in the same manner as Tetragnatha eoctensa; thus closely
connecting the linyphiidce with the Theridiia and Epeirida.

Pachygnatha Listeri. Pi. XXII, fig. 234.

Pachygnatha Listeri , Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1829, p. 210.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix ?

p. 467.

Manduculus limatus, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 667.

Length of the female, £th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ~th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with short hairs, convex above, projecting over
the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a red-brown colour, with a series of white, angular
lines, whose vertices are directed forwards, extending along the middle of the upper part; on
each side there is a broad, irregular, yellowish band, which is palest at its superior margin,
and is tinged with light, red-browm below; an obscure, yellowish streak extends along each
side of the medial line of the under part; and the branchial opercula have a dull-yellow tint.
The cephalo-thorax is large, convex, glossy, marked with minute punctures, and has an
indentation in the medial line; it is compressed before, rounded on the sides and in front,
and is of a red-browm colour, with a black, longitudinal band in the middle, and a few obscure
spots of the same hue on the sides, immediately above the margins. The sternum is heart-
shaped, marked with minute punctures, and resembles in colour the ground of the cephalo-
thorax. The falces are convex in front, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and have a
very dark, reddish-brown hue, approaching to black, that of the maxillae and lip being dark,
reddish-brown. The legs are sparingly supplied wdth hairs, and have a pale, yellowish-brown

PACHYGNATHA.

321

tint, the two superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected
near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at
their extremity.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female. The fangs of its falces have
a slight indentation near the middle, externally, and a corresponding projection within the
curve. The radial joint of the palpi is longer than the cubital, and clavate ; the digital joint
consists of two parts; the shorter and slenderer part is connected with the palpal organs
on the upper side, and the longer is in contact with the same organs on the inner side and
extends a little beyond them; the palpal organs are glossy and globular at the base, with a
pointed process anteriorly, which has the appearance of being twisted, and are of a very dark,
reddish-brown colour, approaching to black.

The linyjpkia mandueula of M. Walckenaer (‘ Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt/, t. iv, p. 482) is
the same as Manduculus limatus , and, consequently, lapses into a synonym of Pachygnatha
Listen. This species occurs under stones and on bushes in woods about Oakland, and the
male has the palpal organs completely developed in September. It has also been captured in
Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Northamptonshire.

In the * Transactions of the Linnean Society/ vol. xviii, p. 668, it is proposed to insti¬
tute a comparison between Manduculus limatus and the Linyphia tenebricola of M. Wider
(Museum Senckenbergianum, 13. 1, p. 267, taf. 18, fig. 2); as they differ, however, very
decidedly in structure and colour, no doubt they are perfectly distinct.

Paciiygnatha Degeerii. PI. XXII, fig. 235.

Pachygnatha Degeerii , Sund., Yet. Acad. Haudl., 1829, p. 211, and 1832, p. 259.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 10.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 143, tab. 430, fig. 1065.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 468.

Linyphia Degeerii, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 269.

Theridion vernale , Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 38, tab. 53, fig. 123.

Manduculus vernalis , Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 125.

Length of the female, |th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, 5 |ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is large, convex, glossy, and marked with minute punctures; it is
compressed before, rounded on the sides and in front, and has an indentation in the medial
line; the falces are convex in front, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the sternum
is heart-shaped, and marked with minute punctures. These parts, with the maxillae and lip,
are of a dark-brown colour, approaching to black, the lip and sternum being the darkest.
The legs are sparingly supplied with hairs, and have a pale, yellowish-brown tint; the two

322

LINYPIIIIDiE.

superior tarsal claws are curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base.
The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity.
The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with short hairs, convex above, projecting over the
base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of an olive hue, irregularly bordered with black;
in the middle of the anterior part there is a white, longitudinal streak, which is succeeded by
a fine black line, having on each side a few short, oblique white streaks; a broad, yellowish
band, which is palest at its superior margin, and is sometimes tinged with red below, extends
along each side, and a faint yellow streak occurs on each side of the medial line of the under
part; the colour of the branchial opercula is dull, yellowish-brown.

The male is smaller than the female, and its abdomen, which is darker coloured, is more
distinctly marked. The fangs of its falces have a slight indentation near the middle, exter¬
nally, and a corresponding projection within the curve. The radial joint of the palpi is longer
than the cubital, and clavate; the digital joint consists of two parts ; the shorter and slenderer
part is connected with the upper side of the palpal organs, and the longer is in contact with
the same organs on the inner side, and extends a little beyond them; the palpal organs are
glossy and globular at the base, with a pointed process anteriorly, which has the appearance
of being twisted, and are of a very dark, reddish-brown colour, approaching to black.

In autumn, adult males and females of this species may frequently be seen running on
the ground in various parts of Lancashire, Denbighshire, and Cambridgeshire. A collection
of spiders received from Charles C. Babington, Esq., M.A., in 1840, and another made in
Northamptonshire by the Rev. Hamlet Clark, in 1842, contained specimens of Pachygnatha
Begeerii; it is also found in Scotland, Mr. J. Hardy having taken both sexes in Berwickshire,
in the spring of 1849, and Mr. R. Templeton has captured it in Ireland.

323

Family —E PE I RIDdE.

In size, in structure, in colour, and in the consistency of their integument, the Epeirida
present several very remarkable points of contrast. They have the falces articulated verti¬
cally or on an inclined plane, and their abdomen is provided with three pairs of spinners
and two branchial opercula. Marked differences are apparent in the dimensions of the legs
of various species, and the tarsi are terminated by three or more claws, the additional ones,
when present, being minute. Some of the Epeirida have a strong moveable spine, inserted
near the termination of the tarsus of each posterior leg, on the under side, which is slightly
curved upwards at its extremity. These spines have been named sustentacida , from the im¬
portant purpose they subserve. By the contraction of their flexor muscles they are drawn
towards the foot, and are thus brought in direct opposition to the claws, by which means the
animals are enabled to hold with a firm grasp such lines as they have occasion to draw from
the spinners with the feet of the hind-legs, and such also as they design to attach them¬
selves to.

The spiders of this extensive family have a very wide geographical range, inhabiting
countries differing greatly in temperature. Trees, bushes, coarse herbage, insterstices in rocks
and walls, and the inside of caves and buildings, are the situations in which they construct
their symmetrical snares ; they consist of an elastic spiral line thickly studded with minute
globules of liquid gum, whose circumvolutions, falling within the same plane, are crossed by
radii converging towards a common centre, which is immediately surrounded by several cir¬
cumvolutions of a short spiral line devoid of viscid globules, forming a station from which the
toils may be superintended by their owner without the inconvenience of being entangled
in them.

Genus —EPEIRA, Walck.

Eyes disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows, the
four intermediate ones constituting a small square, or nearly so.

Maxilla short, powerful, narrow at the base and rounded at the extremity.

Lip semicircular, or somewhat oval.

Legs long, varying in their relative length in different species.

324

EPEIRIDiE.

Epeika quad kata. PL XXIII, fig. 236.

Ep'eira quadrata, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 56.

— — Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 239.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Bandv, p. 66, tab. 162, figs. 381, 382.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix,

p. 468.

Titulus 8, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. de Aran., p. 42, tab. 1, fig 8.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 7 3 5 ths, breadth, 1th ;
breadth of the abdomen, |; length of an anterior leg, f 0 ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, Igths.

The four intermediate eyes form a square, and those of each lateral pair are seated on a
tubercle, and are nearly contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is moderately convex, compressed
before, truncated in front, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the medial
line; it is clothed with whitish hairs, and its colour is very pale, yellowish-brown, with a
broad, brownish-black band on each side, nearly parallel with the lateral margin, and another
of the same hue extending along the middle, which increases in breadth as it approaches the
eyes. The falces are short, strong, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner sur¬
face ; their colour is pale, yellowish-brown, with the exception of the extremity, which has a
brownish-black tint. The maxillae are straight, powerful, and greatly enlarged at the
extremity, which is rounded; the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed at the apex.
The colour of these parts is black, the apices having a yellowish-brown hue. The sternum
is heart-shaped, and has prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs; it has a black tint,
with a small, yellowish streak in the middle of the anterior part. The legs are robust, pro¬
vided with hairs and numerous erect spines, and of a yellowish-white or very pale, yellowish-
brown colour, with brownish-black annuli; the tarsi, in addition to the three claws of the
usual structure by which they are terminated, have several smaller ones situated below them.
The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity.
The abdomen is large, of a subglobose form, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax;
the upper part is of a greenish-yellow hue; four oval, white spots, conspicuous in the anterior
region, form a trapezoid, whose anterior side is the shortest, and from the outer extremity of
each of the posterior spots a white, sinuous line extends to the spinners; along the medial
line there is a series of white streaks and spots, and from the anterior streak, which is the
longest, several white spots pass to the sides, and are succeeded by some faint, oblique dashes
of white ; the sides and under part are of an orange-browm colour, a broad, longitudinal band
of a deeper shade, obscurely bordered with yellow anteriorly, occurring in the middle of the
latter ; the sexual organs have a curved, wrinkled, taper, membraneous process connected
with their anterior part and directed backwards ; its colour, and that of the branchial
opercula, is] dark-brown, the inner margin of the latter being paler. Individuals of this
species vary in colour from pale, greenish-yellow to dark, orange-brown, but the four oval,

EPEIRA.

325

white spots on the upper part of the abdomen, which are usually conspicuous, serve to dis¬
tinguish it from other nearly allied species.

The male is much smaller than the female, and its colours are darker, but it resembles
her in the design formed by their distribution. The tibise of the first and second pairs of
legs are abundantly supplied with strong, black spines on their anterior surface, and the
maxillae have a conical process on the outer side, immediately before the insertion of the
palpi. The cubital and radial joints of the palpi are short; the former has two long bristles
at its extremity, in front; and the latter, which is the larger, is very prominent on the outer
side, and has a strong, obtuse apophysis at its extremity, underneath ; the digital joint is of
an elongated oval form, with an obtuse, black process at its base curved outwards; it is
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are very
highly developed, prominent, very complicated in structure, and of a dark-brown colour,
tinged with red. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each
other.

This large and handsome Epeira appears to prefer wild uncultivated districts, and is not
uncommon in many parts of England and Wales. It pairs in autumn, and in October the
female attaches to the stems of heath or gorse a subglobose cocoon composed of coarse
yellow silk of a looseish texture, measuring seven tenths of an inch in diameter, which some¬
times comprises between 900 and 1000 spherical eggs of a yellow colour, agglutinated
together in a lenticular form. In constructing the cocoon the female presses her spinners
against the mass of eggs and attaches a compound line to it, then drawing out the line by
elevating the body, she again applies the spinners to the eggs and cements the line to them
in the form of a small loop; this operation is continued (the lines being united to each
other when the eggs are covered) till the cocoon is completed, and, as it consists of a con¬
geries of short silken loops, it cannot be otherwise than loose in texture.

The snare of this spider has the appearance of being constructed with geometrical pre¬
cision, and is similar in design to the nets fabricated by the Epeiridee generally. Near the
snare, and connected with its centre by a strong line, the spider constructs a dome-shaped
cell of compact white silk which it usually occupies.

Epeira apoclisa. PI. XXIII, fig. 237.

Epeira apoclisa, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 61.

— — Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 243.

— — Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 30, tab. 48, fig. 116,

— arundinacea, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft., p. 2.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 109, tab. 385, fig. 913
Titulus, 6, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl., De Aran., p. 36, tab. 1, fig- 6.

Length of the female, A*hs of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, £th, breadth, 5 th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^ths; length of an anterior leg, §ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, 35 ths.

326

EPEIRIDiE.

The cephalo-thorax is compressed before, broad in front, rounded on the sides, moderately
convex, and has a large indentation in the medial line; it is of a brown-red colour, and is
clothed with hoary hairs, which are densest on the lateral margins, and in the cephalic region.
The falces are powerful, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the
maxillse are straight, short, strong, and rounded at the extremity; the lip is semicircular, but
slightly pointed at the apex; and the sternum, which is heart-shaped, and sparingly clothed
with hoary hairs, has small prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts are
of a very dark-brown colour, with the exception of the extremities of the maxillae and lip,
which have a pale, reddish-brown hue. The legs are long, robust, provided with hairs and
erect spines, and of a yellow-brown hue, with dark-brown annuli; the femora have a broad
annulus at their extremity, that on each of the anterior ones extending nearly over half the
joint; the tarsi are terminated by three claws of the usual structure, below which there are
several smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated
claw at their extremity. The four intermediate eyes are seated on a prominence and nearly
form a square, the two anterior ones, which are rather wider apart than the posterior ones,
being the largest of the eight ; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small
tubercle, but are not contiguous. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex
above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a dull-yellow hue,
a large, leaf-like, brownish-black mark, mottled with dull-yellow, whose lateral margins are
sinuous, and which tapers to the spinners, extending along the middle ; the anterior part of
this mark comprises a dull-yellow triangle, which includes a brownish-black one, both having
their vertices directed forwards ; the posterior part of the mark comprises a dull-yellow cross,
the longitudinal portion of which tapers towards the spinners, and includes a brownish-black
line, which is broadest near its anterior extremity; the transverse portion of the cross is
somewhat curved, and its extremities frequently break the continuity of the leaf-like mark,
whose posterior part is crossed by several dull-yellow bars ; the sides have a dull-yellow hue,
a broad, brown-black band, mottled with dull-yellow, and dentated at its superior margin,
extending along each; the under part has a brown-black hue, with a curved, yellowish line
on each side; the sexual organs have, in connexion with their posterior margin, a short,
strong process directed forwards, on each side of which there is a small, glossy protuberance;
their colour is dark-brown, tinged with red; and that of the branchial opercula is brown.

The male, though smaller and slenderer than the female, resembles her in the design
formed by the distribution of its colours. Its palpi are short; the cubital joint has at its
extremity, in front, two long, curved bristles, directed forwards ; the radial is larger than the
cubital joint, and projects a strong process from its outer side, which is gibbous near the
base, and amply provided with long hairs ; the digital joint has a brown hue, and is some¬
what oval, having a curved process at its base directed outwards; it is convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed and
complicated in structure; near their base there is a long, slender, prominent, bifid process,
with a small protuberance at its base, on the inner side; the superior division of this process,
which is the stronger, is rounded at its extremity, and the inferior one terminates in a point;
both are slightly curved towards the inner side; lower down a prominent, depressed, yellowish-
brown process occurs, which is enlarged and rounded at its extremity, and near whose summit,
on the inner side, the taper and finely pointed end of a strong process, curved round the

EPEIRA.

327

extremity of these organs, terminates; the colour of the palpal organs is dark-reddish and
yellowish-brown intermixed. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards
each other.

Much confusion in the synonyma of Epeira apoclisa has been occasioned by some of its
numerous varieties having, without sufficient investigation, been described as distinct species.
In attempting to elucidate this intricate subject, the difficulties attending endeavours to
reconcile conflicting opinions in such cases, which are well known to naturalists, and are
unusually great in this department of zoology, may be alleged as an excuse for any errors
unwittingly fallen into. Perhaps the Epeira foliata and the Epeira nauseosa of M. Koch,
‘Die Arachniden/ B. xi, pp. 119, 120, might be added to the synonyma already given ; but
as doubt may be entertained on this point, it has been deemed better to omit them.

Epeira apoclisa frequents gorse, heath, and rank herbage growing near the margins of
lakes, pools and brooks, or in other damp situations, among which it constructs a dome-shaped
cell of white silk of a compact texture. In this cell, after distributing upon its exterior
surface the withered leaves of plants and closing its entrance with a tissue of silk, the spider
passes the winter in a state of torpidity. During the summer and autumn the female incloses
in cells of a similar construction several subglobose cocoons of yellow silk of a loose texture,
measuring, on an average, |Jhs of an inch in diameter, each of which contains about 220
spherical eggs of a pale-brown colour, agglutinated together in a lenticular mass. On the
18th of July, 1846, both sexes of a small insect belonging to the family Iclineumonida , the
female of which is apterous, came out of a cocoon of this spider, and in 1842 specimens of
the same insect were obtained from a cocoon of Epeira umbratica.

M. Walckenaer, in referring to an interesting fact recorded by Lister, has strangely
misinterpreted the meaning of that author; he states that ££ Lister a observe des larves
dTchneumon dans les nids de cette espece” {Epeira apoclisa): “ ces larves se sont trans-
formees sous ses yeux et ont pris leur vol dans lair” f Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt./ t. ii,
p. 65). The source of error will be immediately perceived on perusing the following passage
cited from the ‘ Tractatus de Araneis’ of the English naturalist, page 40 :—“ In nido autem
altero divulso triplicem, ut supra dictum est, foetum observavi. Inter primum vero partum
sex aderant parvse Chrysalides sive Thecae teretes, solidae, utraque extremitate retusae, sub-
Iividae, id sc. genus, e quibus Muscae tripiles, a Moufeto nostro sic dictae, antiquis vero
Ichneumones vespae appellatae, excludi solent. Ex ipsis autem Araneolis natu majoribus, qui
sc. horum vermiculorum voracitatem, dum in ovo, effugerant, quotquot a me aeri expositi,
protinus fila ejaculando avolavere; non injucundo sane spectaculo!”

The snares spun by Epeira apoclisa vary considerably in extent; upwards of 120,000
viscid globules are distributed upon the elastic spiral line in a net of large dimensions, yet
under favorable circumstances the time required for its completion seldom exceeds forty
minutes.

This species is not uncommon in Scotland and Ireland.

43

32S

EPEIRIDiE.

Epeira sericata. PI. XXIII, fig. 238.

Ep'eira sericata , Koch, Uebers des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 2.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 110, tab. 385, figs. 914, 915.

— virgata, Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 26, tab. 46, fig. 113.

Length of the female, l of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, |th, breadth, £th ;
breadth of the abdomen, T 3 6 ths ,• length of an anterior leg, gths; length of a leg of the third
pair, f 5 ths.

The legs are long, robust, provided with hairs and spines, and of a brownish-yellow
colour, with dark-brown annuli, those at the anterior extremity of the femora being the
broadest; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest;
the tarsi are terminated by the customary number of claws of the usual structure. The
palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The
cephalo-thorax is compressed before, rather broad in front, rounded on the sides, moderately
convex, and has a large indentation in the medial line; it is of a dark-brown hue, and is
clothed with hoary hairs, which are densest on the lateral margins and in the cephalic region,
forming in the latter a conspicuous, whitish line that passes between the two intermediate
pairs of eyes, and whose extremities extend and converge to the medial indentation, where
they meet. The four intermediate eyes are seated on a prominence, and nearly form a square,
the two anterior ones, which are rather wider apart than the two posterior ones, being the
largest of the eight; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle,
but are not contiguous. The falces are powerful, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on
the inner surface; the maxillse are straight, short, strong, and rounded at the extremity; the
lip is semicircular, but slightly pointed at the apex; and the sternum, which is heart-shaped,
is sparingly clothed with hoary hairs, and has small prominences on the sides, opposite to the
legs. These parts have a dark-brown colour, faintly tinged with red, and the extremities of
the maxillse and lip have a yellowish-brown hue. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed
with hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part
is of a dark, yellowish-brown colour, freckled with black ; a large, leaf-like, brown-black
mark, mottled with dark, yellowish-brown, whose lateral margins are sinuous, and finely
bordered with yellowish-white, extends along the middle, diminishing in breadth to the
spinners; the anterior part of this mark comprises a yellowish-brown triangle, which includes
a brown-black one, both having their vertices directed forwards : the posterior part of the
mark comprises a yellowish-brown cross, the longitudinal portion of which tapers towards the
spinners, and includes a brown-black line, whose broadest part, near its anterior extremity,
has a triangular form; the transverse part of the cross is somewhat curved, and its ex¬
tremities occasionally break the continuity of the leaf-like mark, whose posterior part is
crossed by a few obscure, yellowish-brown bars; a broad, brown-black band, freckled with
yellowish-brown, and strongly dentated at its superior margin, extends along each side; the
under part has a brown-black hue, with a curved, yellowish line on each side; the sexual

EPEIRA.

329

organs are moderately developed, with a subcylindrical, transversely striated, taper, mem¬
branous process, of a yellow-brown hue, connected with their anterior margin, and curved
backwards ; their colour is brown, slightly tinged with red, and that of the branchial opercula
is red-brown.

The sexes are similar in the design formed by the distribution of their colours, but the
male is smaller, much slenderer, and has longer legs than the female. Its palpi are short,
and of a reddish-yellow colour, with the exception of the digital joint, which has a brown
hue; the cubital joint has at its extremity, in front, two long, curved bristles, directed for¬
wards ; the radial is larger than the cubital joint, and projects a strong process from its outer
side, wdiich is gibbous near the base, and amply provided with long hairs; the digital joint is
somewhat oval, having a curved process at its base, directed outwards; it is convex and hairy
externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed and
complicated in structure; at their base there is a long, rather strong, and prominent bifid
process, with a large, obtuse protuberance near its base, on the inner side; both divisions of
the bifid process are slightly curved towards the inner side, and the superior one, which is
much the stronger, and rounded at the end, has a small and somewhat pointed projection
near its extremity, on the inner side; lower down there is a prominent, depressed, brownish-
yellow process, which is enlarged and rounded at its extremity, and near whose summit, on
the inner side, the ends of two strong processes terminate ; the larger process curves round
the extremity of the organs, and the other is situated on their inner side ; the colour of the
palpal organs is reddish-yellow with dark, reddish-brown intermixed. The convex sides
of the digital joints are directed towards each other.

The habits of Epeira sericaia are similar to those of Epeira apoclisa, and both species
may frequently be found in the same localities.

Epeira patagiata. PI. XXIV, fig. 239-

Epeira patagiata, Koch, Die Araclm., Band xi, p. 115, tab. 386, figs. 916—919.

— dumetorum, Hahn, Ibid., Band ii, p. 31, tab. 48, fig. 117.

— — Koch, Uebers des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 2.

Length of the female, fths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ±th, breadth, $th ;
breadth of the abdomen, Jfths; length of an anterior leg, §rds; length of a leg of the third
pair, |ths.

The four intermediate eyes are seated on a prominence, and nearly form a square, the
two anterior ones, which are rather wider apart than the posterior ones, being the largest of
the eight; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, but are not
contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is compressed before, broad in front, rounded on the sides,
moderately convex, and has a large indentation in the medial line; it is of a red-brown
colour, and is clothed with hoary hairs, which are densest in the cephalic region and on the
lateral margins. The falces are powerful, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the

330

EPEIRIDJE.

inner surface; the maxillae are straight, short, strong, and rounded at the extremity ; the lip
is semicircular, but slightly pointed at the apex ; and the sternum, which is heart-shaped, is
sparingly clothed with hoary hairs, and has small prominences on the sides, opposite to the
legs. These parts have a reddish-brown colour, the falces being much the darkest, and the
extremities of the maxillae and lip much the palest. The legs are long, robust, provided
with hairs and spines, and of a reddish-yellow colour, with dark-brown annuli, those at the
anterior extremity of the femora being the broadest; the first pair is the longest, then the
second, and the third pair is the shortest; the tarsi are terminated by the customary number
of claws of the usual structure. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved,
pectinated claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs,
convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a
brownish-yellow colour, freckled with brownish-black; a large, leaf-like, brownish-black mark,
which tapers to the spinners, and whose sinuous, lateral margins are finely bordered with
yellowish-white, extends along the middle; the anterior part of this mark comprises a black
spot of a triangular form, which is bordered with yellowish-white, and whose vertex is
directed forwards; the posterior part of the mark comprises a brownish-yellow cross, the
longitudinal portion of which tapers towards the spinners, and includes an irregular, longi¬
tudinal, brownish-black line; the transverse portion of the cross is somewhat curved, and its
extremities do not usually break the continuity of the leaf-like mark, whose posterior part is
crossed by a few obscure, brownish-yellow bars; a broad, dark-brown band, mottled with
brownish-yellow, and dentated at its superior margin, extends along each side; the under
part has a brown-black hue, with a curved, yellowish line on each side ; the sexual organs
have in connexion with their anterior margin a strong, obtuse process, which is directed
obliquely backwards and downwards; their colour is dark, reddish-brown, and that of the
branchial opercula is red-brown.

The male is smaller, much less robust, darker coloured, and has longer legs than the
female. Its palpi are short, and of a reddish-yellow colour, with the exception of the digital
joint, which has a brown hue; the cubital joint has at its extremity, in front, two long, curved
bristles, directed forwards ; the radial is larger than the cubital joint, and projects a strong
process from its outer side, which is gibbous near the base, and amply provided with long
hairs; the digital joint is somewhat oval, having a curved process at its base, directed out¬
wards ; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs,
which are highly developed and complicated in structure; at their base there is a short,
strong, prominent, bifid process, divided nearly to its base, where there is a large, obtuse
protuberance on the inner side ; both divisions of the bifid process are nearly equal in length,
and curve strongly towards the inner side, the superior one, which is the stronger, having a
pointed projection on its outer side; lower down, a prominent, depressed, brownish-yellow
process occurs, which is somewhat enlarged and rounded at its extremity, and near whose
summit, on the inner side, the obtuse end of a strong process, curved round the extremity
of the organs, terminates; the colour of the palpal organs is dark, reddish-brown, with
reddish-yellow intermixed. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each
other.

Though j Epeira patagiata , Epeira sericata, and Epeira apociisa, are very closely allied
species, and inhabit similar localities, and though their colours and the designs formed by

EPEIRA.

331

their distribution are liable to vary, yet they may always be distinguished, when adult,
by permanent, organic characters, and particularly by differences in the structure of
the organs of generation in both sexes of each species, as explained in the foregoing-
descriptions.

Epeira scalaris. PI. XXIV, fig. 240.

Epeira scalaris , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 46.

— — Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 27, tab. 47, fig. 114.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 127.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. ix, p. 471.

— pyramidata, Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 242.

— — Koch, Uebers des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft., p. 2.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 107, tab. 384, fig. 912.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, -^ths, breadth, 4tb s >
breadth of the abdomen, > length of an anterior leg, fths; length of a leg of the third
pair, |ths.

The abdomen is large, oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above, and projects
greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a pale-yellow colour, with a
small, circular, brownish-black indentation on each side of the anterior region, from which a
streak of the same hue passes obliquely outwards; on the posterior part there is a large,
brownish-black, pyramidal mark, w T ith sinuous lateral margins, whose apex extends to the
spinners; the sides and under part have a brownish-black hue ; the former are mottled with
yellowish-brown, and the latter has a curved, yellow mark on each side of the medial line;
the sexual organs are prominent, glossy, and of a reddish-brown colour; a curved, taper,
wrinkled, membranous process, connected with their anterior margin, and directed back¬
wards, has a yellowish-brown tint, and that of the branchial opercula is yellow. The cephalo-
thorax is glossy, compressed before, truncated in front, rounded on the sides, moderately
convex, and has a large indentation in the medial line; it is sparingly clothed with fine, hoary
hairs, and is of a pale, dull-yellow colour, with a broad, longitudinal, blackish band on each
side, and a narrower one of the same hue extending along the middle. The four intermediate
eyes, which are seated on a prominence, nearly form a square, the two anterior ones being
rather wider apart than those of the posterior pair; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a tubercle, and are nearly contiguous. The falces are powerful, conical, vertical,
armed with teeth on the inner surface, and of a yellowish-brown colour, with the exception
of their extremity, which has a brown tint. The maxillae are short, strong, and rounded at
the extremity; the lip is semicircular, but slightly pointed at the apex; and the sternum,
which is heart-shaped, has eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs. Ihese parts are of a
brownish-black hue, the extremities of the maxillae and lip having a yellowish-brown tint.
The legs are robust, provided with hairs and numerous erect spines, and of a pale, yellowish-
brown colour, with dark-brown annuli; the tarsi are terminated by three claws of the usual

332

EPEIRKLE.

structure, below which there are several smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in
colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity.

The sexes, though similar in colour, present marked differences in structure. The male,
besides being smaller than the female, has the anterior extremity of its cephalo-thorax more
pointed, and the tibiae of its second pair of legs stronger and more amply provided with
spines than she has. The coxae of its anterior pair of legs have a curved process at their
extremity, on the under side, and those of the second pair have a conical, pointed, process
at their base. Its palpi are short ; two long bristles project from the extremity of the cubital
joint, in front, and the radial joint has an obtuse, light-coloured apophysis on its outer side,
which has a small protuberance at its base, and a dark-coloured one on its inner side; the
digital joint is of a slender, elongated, oval form, with a black process at its base, which is
curved outwards, and enlarged at its extremity; it is convex and hairy externally, slightly
concave within, and the palpal organs, which are connected with this concavity, are very
highly developed, remarkably prominent, and complicated in structure; they have a strong,
curved, pointed process at their extremity, and their colour is a mixture of black, yellowish-
brown, and reddish-brown. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards
each other.

Specimens of this showy species have been received from Staffordshire, Shropshire,
Northamptonshire, Middlesex, and Devonshire, but it does not appear to have been observed
in the north of England or Wales.

Epeira signata.

Epeira signata , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. vi,
p. 341.

— — Blackw., Ibid., vol. x, p. 182.

Length of an immature male, T s 5 ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th,
breadth, ~jth; breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, -ths; length of a leg
of the third pair, ^ths.

The four intermediate eyes form a square, and each lateral pair is seated obliquely on a
small tubercle. The cephalo-thorax is convex, compressed before, rounded on the sides,
abundantly supplied with white hairs, particularly on the anterior part, and has an indentation
in the medial line; it is of a dark, red-brown colour, which is most intense on the sides, and a
conspicuous, yellowish-white spot occurs in the angle formed by the furrows which serve to
distinguish the head from the thorax. The falces are conical, vertical, armed with teeth on
the inner surface, and of a red-brown colour, which is darkest at the base, in front. The
maxillae are short, straight, and rounded at the extremity. The lip is nearly semicircular, but
somewhat pointed; and the sternum is heart-shaped. These parts are of a dark, red-brown
colour, with the exception of the extremities of the maxillae and lip, which are much paler.
The legs are robust, provided with hairs and spines, and are of a pale, reddish-brown hue,

EPEIRA.

333

with streaks, spots, and annuli of a deeper shade; the tarsi are terminated by three claws of
the usual structure, below which there are several smaller ones. The palpi are short, and
resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is short, broad, sparingly clothed with hairs,
convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a dark,
red-brown colour, freckled with numerous minute spots of a lighter hue, and near the
anterior extremity, on each side of the medial line, there is a large, yellowish-white spot; the
sides are paler than the back, and along the middle of the under part a broad, dark, reddish-
brown band extends, which comprises two curved, yellowish-white lines, whose concavities
are directed towards each other; the colour of the branchial opercula is dark, reddish-brown.
The specimen from which the above description was made had the digital joint of the palpi
very tumid, but the palpal organs were not developed, clearly demonstrating that it had to
undergo its final change of integument before it arrived at maturity.

This distinctly marked spider was taken at Broadstairs, in Kent, in the month of
September, by Mr. F. Walker, and occupies a place in his cabinet.

Epeira umbratica. PI. XXIV, fig. 241.

Epeira umbratica, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 66.

— — Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 238.

— — Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 24, tab. 46, fig. 112.

— — Koch, Uebers des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 2.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 127.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 128, tab. 389, figs. 930, 931.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 182.

— umbraticola, Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 105.

Titulus 9, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 44, tab. 1, fig. 9.

Length of the female, £ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, |th, breadth, Jth ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^ths; length of an anterior leg, iths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The abdomen is somewhat oviform, greatly depressed, thinly clothed with hairs, and
projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; on the upper part there is a large, oval space, of
a very dark-brown colour, which tapers to the spinners, and whose sinuous lateral margins are
almost black; within the oval space, on each side of the medial line, there is a longitudinal
series of five or six indentations, and exterior to it, but following its sinuosities, there is an
obscure, whitish line; the sides, which have a brown tint, are palest at their superior margin;
a few dull-yellow spots form a curve above the spinners; and the under part has a brownish-
black hue, with a yellowish, curved spot on each side of the medial line; a depressed, oval
process, directed backwards, is connected with the anterior part of the sexual organs, which,
with the branchial opercula, are of a dark-brown colour. The cephalo-thorax is slightly
convex, compressed before, broadly truncated in front, rounded on the sides, sparingly clothed

334

EPEIRIM.

with hoary hairs, and has a large indentation in the medial line; the falces are short, strong,
conical, vertical, convex in front, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are
powerful and rounded at the extremity; the lip is nearly semicircular, but somewhat pointed ;
and the sternum is heart-shaped, sparingly supplied with hoary hairs, and has on the sides
eminences opposite to the legs. These parts are of a dark-brown colour, approaching to
black, with the exception of the extremities of the maxillae and lip, which have a yellowish-
brown tint. The legs are robust, provided with hairs and erect spines, and have a dark-
brown hue approaching to black, with pale, reddish-brown or yellowish-brown annuli ; each
tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, below which there are several
smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at
their extremity. The four intermediate eyes are seated on an eminence, and nearly form a
square, the two anterior ones, which are rather wider apart than the posterior ones, being the
largest of the eight; the eyes constituting each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle,
but are not contiguous.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is the smaller. The cubital and radial
joints of its palpi are short; the former has one or two long bristles at its extremity, in front,
and the latter, which is the stronger, is prominent on the under side; the digital joint is
somewhat oval, with a process at the base, curved outwards and notched at the extremity,
and a lobe on the lower side; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs, which are highly developed, prominent, complicated in structure, with a
bold process, whose extremities are pointed, contiguous to the lateral lobe, and are of a dark,
reddish-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each
other.

Epeircc umbratica is much more abundant in various parts of England and Wales than it
is generally supposed to be, its apparent scarcity being attributable to its nocturnal habits and
the care with which it conceals itself during the day.

In June the female constructs, under the exfoliating bark of trees and in crevices in old
rails a subglobose cocoon of white silk, of a slightish texture, measuring §ths, of an inch in
diameter, in which she deposits about 160 spherical eggs of a yellowish-brown colour, agglu¬
tinated together in a lenticular mass. On the exterior surface of the cocoon small pieces of
bark, wood, and other extraneous materials, are distributed, which serve to assimilate it to
surrounding objects.

This spider spins a large net, having wide intervals between the radii and the circum¬
volutions of the elastic spiral line, and preys chiefly on moths.

Epeira agalena. PL XXIV, fig. 242.

Ep'eira agalena , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 36.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xiv,

p. 32.

— Sturmii, Hahn, Die Araclm., Band i, p. 12, tab. 3, fig. 8.

Atea agalena, Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 137, tab. 391, figs. 936—938 (the
specific name hyalina is incorrectly connected with the numbers
936, 937, in the plate, but this error is rectified in the text).

EPEIRA.

335

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T ~th, breadth, Ath;
breadth of the abdomen, 5 th ; length of an anterior leg, ^th ; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The four intermediate eyes are placed on a slight prominence and form a square, the two
posterior ones being the largest of the eight, and the eyes of each lateral pair are seated
obliquely on a tubercle, but are not contiguous. The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, com¬
pressed before, rounded on the sides, depressed behind, clothed with whitish hairs on the
anterior part, and has an indentation in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical,
vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are short, strong, straight,
and rounded at the extremity ; the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed ; and the sternum
is heart-shaped, with small eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts are of
a red-brown colour; the falces, sternum, and base of the lip are much the darkest, and the
cephalic region, which is the palest, has a faint tinge of yellow. The legs are provided with
hairs and erect spines, and their colour is yellowish-brown, with dark-brown annuli; each
tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, and below them there are several
smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at
their extremity. The abdomen is large, of a somewhat subglobose form, and projects greatly
over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is thinly clothed with hairs, and of a pale red-brown
colour above, faintly mottled with dull, yellowish-white spots, the anterior extremity being
the darkest; on the upper part there is a leaf-shaped mark, which is broad before and tapers
to the spinners; it is obscurely defined by sinuous lateral margins of a dark-brown hue, and is
bordered by white spots, which converge abruptly in front, presenting the appearance of a
short pedicle to the leaf-shaped mark; above the spinners some transverse, dark-brown bars
occur, and the sides are marked with a few oblique, red-brown streaks ; the under part,
including the branchial opercula and spinners, is of a dark red-brown colour, a broad band of
a dull-yellow hue, mingled with pale reddish-brown, extending along each side of the medial
line; the sexual organs have a small, black prominence on each side, and an oval, mem¬
braneous process, directed obliquely backwards, is connected with their anterior margin.

The male bears a close resemblance to the female, but may be distinguished from her by
its smaller size, darker colour, and by its first pair of legs being armed with long spines on
their anterior surface. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short; the former has
two long, curved bristles at its extremity, in front, and the latter, Which is the broader, has
two fine ones on its outer side, which is prominent; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a
process at its base curved outwards ; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, com¬
prising the palpal organs, which are very highly developed and complicated in structure,
with a yellowish-brown bilobed process on the under side; one of these lobes is directed
outwards, and is terminated by three pointed spines of unequal length; the other lobe is
contiguous to the inferior margin of the joint, and is terminated by a prominent, slightly
curved, pointed spine; these organs have a very dark-brown hue. The convex sides of the
digital joints are directed towards each other.

In the month of June this JEpeira may be found in a state of maturity on trees and
bushes in wrnods about Oakland.

44

336

EPEIMD^E.

Epeira solers. PI. XXIV, fig. 243.

Ep'eira solers, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 41.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x, p. 182.

— agalena, Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 29, tab. 47, fig. 115.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 126.

Atea sclopetaria, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 4.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 134, tab. 390, figs. 934, 935.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ith, breadth, |th;
breadth of the abdomen, |th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ,th.

The legs are robust, abundantly provided with hairs and strong spines, and of a yellowish-
brown hue, with red-brown annuli; each tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual
structure, and below them there are several smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in
colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The cephalo-thorax is com¬
pressed before, truncated in front, rounded on the sides, depressed behind, and has an
indentation in the medial line; it is densely covered with long, yellowish-white hairs, and is
of a very dark-brown colour, with the exception of the anterior part, about the region of the
eyes, which has a yellowish-brown tint. The four intermediate eyes are seated on a small
prominence, and form a square, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a
tubercle, but are not in contact. The falces are strong, conical, vertical, armed with teeth on
the inner surface, and of a reddish-brown colour. The maxillae are short, powerful, and
greatly enlarged at the extremity ; and the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed. These
organs are of a dark-brown hue at their base, that of their apices being yellowish-brown.
The sternum, which is heart-shaped, has a very dark-brown tint, with a longitudinal, yellow-
brown line in the middle; it is covered with whitish hairs, and has small eminences on the
sides, opposite to the legs. The abdomen is of a very broad oviform figure, and projects
greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is densely covered with hairs, and the upper
part is of a brown colour, with an angular band of a deeper shade, whose apex is directed
backwards, extending along the middle; this band is intersected by transverse lines of the
same hue, diminishing in extent as they approach the spinners; both the longitudinal band
and transverse lines are bordered by long, whitish hairs, and a sinuous band of long, whitish
hairs extends along each side; the under part, which has a yellowish-brown tint, is marked
with brown spots and streaks, and a broad, longitudinal, brownish-black band, comprising two
curved, yellow lines, occurs in the middle ; the branchial opercula are of a brown colour, and
the sexual organs have a membraneous process of a semicircular form in connection with their
anterior margin.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female, and its legs, which are much
longer than hers, are marked with broader annuli. Its palpi have a dark, yellowish-brown
hue ; the cubital and radial joints are short, and the latter has a slender apophysis at its

EPEIRA.

337

extremity; the digital joint is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, and of a very dark
reddish-brown colour.

In a catalogue of spiders, published in the c Transactions of the Linnean Society/
vol. xix, p. 113, this species is included under the name of Epeira agalena; the mistake
originated in copying the appellation from M. Hahn's work, ‘ Hie Arachniden/ where it is
connected with a figure and description of Epeira solers.

The sexes pair in June, and in that and the succeeding month the female fabricates a
subglobose cocoon of yellowish-brown silk of a loose texture, about half an inch in diameter,
and deposits in it 140 or 150 dark-brown, spherical eggs, agglutinated together in a globular
form.

This spider occurs, but not abundantly, in pastures near Llanrwst, spinning among
coarse plants and bushes a net of moderate extent, between the centre of which and a slightly
concave cell of white silk, constructed at a short distance from it, a communication is esta¬
blished by means of a strong line ; concealed in this retreat, the vibrations of the connecting
medium speedily convey intelligence to the watchful owner of the snare that a victim is
involved in its meshes.

Epeira similis. PI. XXV, fig. 244.

Epeira similis , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 186.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 183.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, T \th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^th.

The four intermediate eyes form a square, the two anterior ones, which are seated on a
small protuberance, being the largest of the eight; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a tubercle, but, though near together, are not in contact. The cephalo-thorax is
convex, glossy, compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial
line ; it is of a yellowish-brown colour, with narrow, blackish margins, and a band of the
same hue, which is broadest at its anterior extremity, extending along the middle. The falces
are powerful, conical, vertical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and have a red-brown
tint. The maxilla? are short, strong, straight, and rounded at the extremity; and the lip is
semicircular, but somewhat pointed. These organs are of a reddish-brown colour, with
yellowish-brown extremities, the base of the lip being much the darkest. The sternum is
heart-shaped, and has small eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs; it is of a brownish-
black hue, with a yellowish-brown band in the middle, which diminishes in breadth to its
posterior extremity. The legs are long, provided with hairs and black spines, and of a
yellowish-brown colour spotted with black. The palpi are short, and have a yellowish-

338

EPEIRIML

brown hue, with the exception of the digital joint, which has a red-brown tint; the radial is
rather larger than the cubital joint, and is provided with some long hairs ; the digital joint is
short, oval, convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which
are moderately developed, complicated in structure, with a curved, black spine at their
extremity, directed upwards, a projecting process near their base, towards the inner side, and
are of a dark red-brown colour. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed with hairs,
somewhat depressed, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; on the upper part
there is a large, oval figure of a brownish-gray colour, having black, sinuous margins, and
comprising a row of small, black, slightly indented spots on each side of the medial line; its
anterior part, and a series of curved, transverse lines, diminishing in length as they approach
the spinners, have a silver-gray hue, and an oval, brown spot occurs on each side of its
anterior extremity; a narrow, silver-gray band follows the undulations of the black margins,
and the sides and under part are of a brownish colour tinged with yellow, both being marked
with minute, blackish spots; a broad, black band extends along the middle of the under part,
on each side of which there is a yellow stripe; and the colour of the branchial opercula is
yellow.

The sexes resemble each other in the design formed by the distribution of their colours,
but the female is larger than the male, measuring one fourth of an inch in length. Its sexual
organs are prominent, of a brownish-black hue, and have a broad septum in the middle.

In the summer of 1843, Miss Gertrude Buller Elphinstone captured an adult male
Epeira similis at East Lodge, Enfield, Middlesex, which she obligingly forwarded to Oakland;
and in the autumn of the same year Miss Margaret B. Lewis, of Cichle, Anglesey, took an
immature male at Ellesmere, in Shropshire, which, as the digital joints of its palpi were very
tumid, had to undergo its final change of integument before it arrived at maturity. Subse¬
quently, specimens of adult males and females of this species have been obtained from
Hampshire, Northamptonshire and Yorkshire.

Epeira similis and Epeira calophylla are very closely allied ; but the males may be
distinguished from each other without difficulty by differences in the structure of their palpi
and palpal organs.

Epeira calophylla, PI. XXV, fig. 245 .

Epeira calophylla, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 70.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 108.

— — Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 252.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 183.

Zilla — Koch, Die Arachn., Band vi, p. 148, tab. 216, figs. 538, 539.
Eucharia atrica, Koch, Die Arachn., Band xii, p. 103, tab. 419, figs. 1030, 1031.
Titulus 10, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. de Aran., p. 47, tab. 1, fig. 10.

Length of the female, a>ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, |th, breadth, T ^th ;

EPS IRA.

339

breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, £; length of a leg of the third
pair, 1th.

The legs are provided with hairs and black spines, and are of a yellowish-brown colour,
with black annuli; each tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, and
below them there are several smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have
a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, com¬
pressed before, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the medial line; it is of
a yellowish-brown hue, with black lateral margins, and a blackish band, which is broadest at
its anterior extremity, extending along the middle. The four intermediate eyes form a square,
the two anterior ones, which are seated on a small protuberance, being the largest of the
eight; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle, but, though near
together, are not in contact. The falces are powerful, conical, vertical, convex in front, near
the base, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and of a reddish-brown hue, the frontal
convexity being the darkest. The maxillse are short, strong, and very broad at the extremity,
which is rounded; and the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed. These organs are of a
reddish-brown colour, with yellowish-brown extremities, the base of the lip being much the
darkest. The sternum is heart-shaped, and has small eminences on the sides, opposite to the
legs ; it has a black tint, with a yellowish-brown band in the middle, which diminishes in
breadth to its posterior extremity. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs,
somewhat depressed, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax; on the upper
part there is a large, oval figure of a gray colour, having black, sinuous margins, and a row
of small, black, slightly indented spots on each side of the medial line; its anterior part, and
a series of curved, transverse lines, diminishing in length as they approach the spinners, have
a silver-gray hue, and an oval black spot occurs on each side of its anterior extremity; a
narrow, silver-gray band follows the undulations of the black margins, and the sides and
under part are of a brownish colour tinged with yellow, both being marked with minute,
blackish spots; a broad, black band extends along the middle of the under part, on each side
of which there is a yellow stripe; and the colour of the branchial opercula is yellow. The
sides of immature individuals have frequently a bright bay tint; and the young on quitting
the cocoon have the upper part of the abdomen of a brownish-black hue, with a yellow mark,
which is bifid at its posterior extremity, in the medial line of the anterior part.

The male is much smaller and less distinctly marked than the female. Its palpi are
long, provided with numerous long hairs, and of a red-brown hue, with a black annulus at
the base of the cubital and radial joints; the cubital joint, which is curved downwards,
increases in bulk to its extremity, and the radial joint is long, and has a minute, bifid
apophysis at its extremity, on the outer side ; the digital joint is short, oval, convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are neither highly
developed nor very complicated in structure; they have a curved, black spine at their
extremity, directed upwards, a prominent, bifid process at their base, on the inner side, and
are of a reddish-brown colour.

This common spider, which is widely distributed in Great Britain and Ireland, frequents
shrubs, buildings, and crevices in rocks and walls. It pairs in autumn, and the female con¬
structs a subglobose cocoon of soft, pale-brown silk of a loose texture, measuring half an inch

340

epeirim:.

in diameter, in which she deposits eighty or ninety spherical eggs of a brown colour, slightly
cemented together in a subglobose mass. The cocoon is attached to walls and the inferior
surface of stones by a thin covering of whitish web. The female has been observed to
change her integument five times before she arrives at maturity, once in the cocoon, and four
times after quitting it.

In December, 1842, and March, 1843, several cocoons of Epeira calophylla were procured,
comprising larvae of two distinct species of insects belonging to the family Ichneuvionidce ,
which fed upon the ova contained in the cocoons and increased rapidly in size; on being con¬
verted into pupae, the females were observed to have the ovipositor turned over the posterior
extremity of the abdomen. In the spring of 1843 both sexes of each species, in the imago or
perfect state, issued from the cocoons, which had been placed in closed phials. These insects
are very dissimilar in size and colour, and the eggs deposited by each in a single cocoon
differ in number inversely as the dimensions of the females which produce them ; occasionally,
the larvae of both species have been noticed in the same cocoon, but they have not hitherto
been detected in the cocoons of any other spider, however favorable the circumstances might
be as regards time, condition, and locality under which they were examined.

Epeira calophylla usually employs a radius as a medium of communication between its
net and a small tubular cell of white silk which constitutes its retreat, instead of spinning a
separate line for that purpose; and this peculiar appropriation, whether the radius be in the
plane of the net or whether it be withdrawn from that plane, as is frequently the case, imparts
an unfinished appearance to the snare, as it prevents the spider from giving a spiral form
to the elastic line on which the viscid globules are disposed, though this is sometimes
attempted with a greater or less degree of success. No sooner does the spider arrive
at one of the radii adjacent to that in connection with its cell than it returns, traversing the
framework of the snare till it arrives at the adjacent radius on the opposite side, when it
retraces its steps, and thus, oscillating between the two, spins a number of curved, viscid
lines or arcs of circles diminishing in length from the circumference of the net towards the
centre. Lister was well acquainted with this peculiarity, so common in the snare of Epeira
calophylla , but has fallen into the error of supposing that it occurs invariably. See his
‘ Tractatus de Araneis,’ p. 48.

Sometimes this species places its net in situations not entirely surrounded by objects to
which it can immediately proceed to attach boundary-lines. In such cases its operations are
deserving of attention. After connecting several radii with the most accessible points, it
fixes a filament to that extremity of one of them which is furthest from the centre of its net:
along this radius the spider proceeds, drawing out the filament from the spinners and guiding
it with the claws of a posterior leg, till the point of union with one of the adjacent radii is
attained; upon this radius it steps, and passing to its other extremity there makes fast the
filament, by this simple process connecting with marginal lines distant objects between which
no direct communication previously existed.

Epeira calophylla presents a striking example of the insufficiency of the characters
employed by M. Koch in distributing the Araneidea into genera and families ; though connected
with the Epeiridce by the closest relations of affinity, yet he has placed it in his genus Eucharia ,
which he includes in the family Theridiidce (‘Uebers. des Arachn. Syst/ erstes Heft, p. 7).

EPEIRA.

341

Epeira acalypha. PI. XXV, fig. 246.

Epeira acalypha, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 50.

— — Walck., Ibid., tom, ii, p. 501.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xx,

p. 502.

— genista, Hahn, Die Arachn., Band i, p. 11, tab. 3, fig. 7.

Zilla — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 5.

— decora, Koch, Ibid., erstes Heft, p. 5.

— acalypha, Koch, Die Arachn., Band vi, p. 139, tab. 213, figs. 530, 531.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, T S th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ~th; length of an anterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the third
pair, <|ths.

The legs are moderately long, provided with hairs and spines, and of a yellowish-brown
colour tinged with green, a line on the upper and under sides of the thighs of the first and
second pairs, the extremities of the joints, and a few scattered spots having a blackish hue;
each tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, and below them there are
several smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a slightly curved,
pectinated claw at their extremity. The cephalo-thorax is small, convex, glossy, compressed
before, rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial line; it is of a yellowish-
brown colour tinged with green ; the lateral margins are black, and a fine line of the same
hue extends along the middle. The eyes are seated on black spots, and the four intermediate
ones nearly form a square; those of the anterior pair are placed on a small prominence, and
those of the posterior pair are the largest of the eight; the eyes of each lateral pair are seated
on a minute tubercle, and are near to each other, but not in contact. The falces are powerful,
conical, vertical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and of a yellowish-brown colour,
being darkest at the extremity. The maxillae are strong, straight, and enlarged and rounded
at the extremity; the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed at the apex; and the sternum
is heart-shaped, with prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts are black,
the extremities of the first two being yellowish-brown. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly
clothed with short hairs, glossy, very convex above, and projects greatly over the base of the
cephalo-thorax ; the upper part is of a greenish-yellow colour, freckled with yellowish-white;
four black spots occur in the anterior region, two in the medial line and one on each side, and
in the posterior region there are three rows of confluent black spots which extend to the
spinners; each side is marked with four oblique, black lines, and the under part, which is
black, has a line extending from each dark-brown branchial operculum to the spinners, and
several spots at their base of a yellowish-white hue; the sexual organs are prominent, and of
a red-brown colour.

M. Koch remarks that the male is much slenderer than the female, and has, in proportion*
to its size, somewhat longer legs. The black line extending along the middle of the cephalo-
thorax is longer and more conspicuous, the abdomen is redder, particularly on the sides, and

342

EFfilRIDA

the thighs of the first and second pairs of legs have no longitudinal black line on their upper
and under surfaces. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are very small, and the
brownish-green digital joint, which is vaulted, comprises the prominent palpal organs; these
organs are provided with small spines, and are of a dark red-brown colour.

Seven females of this species were received from Mr. R. H. Meade, who took them from
their webs, which were constructed among the twigs of gorse and other bushes growing in
Buckinghamshire, in the last week of June, 1856.

EpiilRA CUCURBITINA. PI. XXV, fig. 247.

Ep'eira cucurbitina, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 76.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 107.

— —• Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 245.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 185.

Miranda — Koch, Hie Arachn., Band v, p. 53, tab. 159, figs. 371, 372.

Titulus 5, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 34, tab. 1. fig. 5.

Length of the female, |th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, |tb, breadth, T ' 5 th;
breadth of the abdomen, |th ; length of an anterior leg, |rd; length of a leg of the third
pair, Aths.

The four intermediate eyes form a square, and those of each lateral pair are placed
obliquely on a minute tubercle, and are almost in contact. The cephalo-thorax is convex,
particularly in the cephalic region, glossy, sparingly clothed with hairs, compressed before,
truncated in front, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the medial line ; the
falces are strong, conical, vertical, convex at the base, in front, and armed with teeth on the
inner surface; the maxillae are short, powerful, and rounded at the extremity; the lip is semi¬
circular, but somewhat pointed ; the sternum is heart-shaped, with small prominences on the
sides, opposite to the legs ; the legs are robust, and provided with hairs and erect, black
spines; each tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, and below them there
are several smaller ones. These parts are of a pale, reddish-brown hue, the bases of the
maxillae and lip having a deeper shade, and their extremities a yellow tint. The palpi
resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The
abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting greatly over the base
of the cephalo-thorax ; the upper part is of a yellowish-green colour, with a series of minute,
black spots extending in a gentle curve on each side of the medial line, and a conspicuous red
spot at its extremity, immediately above the spinners; the sides and under part are of a dark-
green hue, the latter being marked with a few yellow spots and an obscure, yellow line on
each side ; the sexual organs are very prominent, of a dark-brown colour, with a curved,
wrinkled, membraneous process of a lighter hue, which is directed backwards, in connexion
with their anterior margin ; and the branchial opercula have a yellowish-brown tint.

EPEIRA.

343

The male, which is smaller than the female, has a conical protuberance on the outer
side of its maxillae, a longitudinal, black band on each side of its cephalo-thorax, black annuli
at the joints of its legs, and the extremity of the thighs of the first, second, and fourth pairs
has a red hue; with these exceptions, it greatly resembles the female in colour. The
humeral joint of the palpi has a small protuberance at its base, on the under side; the
cubital joint is short, and prominent at its extremity, whence project two long, curved
bristles, and a third depends from its base, in front; the radial is much stronger than the
cubital joint, and very prominent on the outer side; the digital joint is somewhat oval, with
a curved process at its base directed outwards and terminating in a black, glossy knob,
which nearly extends to the extremity of the cubital joint; it is convex and hairy externally,
concave within, and comprises the palpal organs; these organs are very highly developed,
complicated in structure, convex and glossy at the base, provided with curved, black, pointed
processes near the extremity, and are of a dark-brown colour. The convex sides of the
digital joints are directed towards each other.

The young, when extricated from the egg, have the cephalo-thorax and legs of a pale
yellowish-white colour, that of the abdomen being reddish-brown; but after their first change
of integument they acquire an olive or brownish-green tint, the upper part of the abdomen
being marked with whitish spots, and each side with a longitudinal stripe of the same hue,
parallel with which, on the upper side, there is a series of minute, black spots.

In well-wooded districts in Great Britain and Ireland, this species is not uncommon.
The sexes pair in June, and the female attaches to the stems or leaves of shrubs, in the
vicinity of her snare, a subglobose cocoon of bright-yellow silk of a loose texture, measuring
two thirds of an inch in diameter, which usually contains 150 or 1 G 0 spherical eggs of a yellow
colour, cemented together in a subglobose mass, and enveloped in fine, soft, yellow silk.

Arachnologists affirm that the small net spun by Epeira cucurbitina is always placed
horizontally; but this is a mistake, as it may frequently be seen in an inclined position.

Epeira BELLA. PI. XXV, fig. 248.

Epeira bella, Meade, Annak and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. vii, p. 20.

Length of the female, 3 th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, 3 th; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The legs are short, provided with hairs and fine spines, and are of a brownish-yellow
hue, with red-brown annuli, those on the extremity of the femora of the first and second pairs
being much the broadest; the fourth pair is the longest, then the first, and the third pair is
the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by claws of the usual number and structure. The
palpi resemble the legs in colour, but are without annuli. The cephalo-thorax is compressed
before, rounded on the sides, abruptly sloped at the base, convex, glossy, slightly marked
with punctures, and has an indentation in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical,

45

344

EPEIRIDJE.

vertical, and armed with a few teeth on the inner surface. These parts are of a brownish-red
colour, the former having a band extending along each side, and a streak on each side of the
posterior part of the cephalic region, which passes obliquely to the medial indentation, where
the two meet in an angle; these bands and streaks have a brown hue, the indentation being
much the darkest. The maxillae are short, strong, straight, and enlarged and rounded at the
extremity; the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed at the apex; and the sternum, which
is heart-shaped, has conspicuous prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs, and is thickly
marked with punctures. These parts are of a very dark-brown colour, faintly tinged with
red, the maxillae being rather the palest. The eyes are seated on black spots on the anterior
part of the cephalo-thorax; the four intermediate ones form a square, the two posterior ones
being the largest, and the two anterior ones, which are placed on a slight prominence, rather
the smallest of the eight; those of each lateral pair are seated on a minute tubercle, and are
near to each other, but not in contact. The abdomen is oviform, marked with numerous
punctures, sparingly clothed with short, pale hairs, convex above, somewhat pointed before,
where there are several short bristles, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is
of a yellow colour on the upper part and sides, and is densely reticulated with dark-brown,
particularly on the latter; the medial line, which is the palest and least reticulated, comprises
in its broader anterior region six circular, dark-brown depressions disposed in pairs, the two
anterior pairs, which are the most conspicuous, forming a square; and between this square
and the spinners there is a series of transverse, slightly sinuous, dark-brown lines; a broad,
dark-brown band occupies the middle of the under part, and is bordered laterally with yellow;
the sexual organs are rather prominent, and present a dark-brown, glossy convexity on each
side, with a red-brown process in the middle, directed backwards, whose extremity is the
broadest; the colour of the branchial opercula is dark-brown tinged with red.

The sexes bear a strong resemblance to each other, but the male, which is the smaller
and darker coloured, has the anterior part of its cephalo-thorax more pointed. The femora
of the first and second pairs of legs are of a brownish-black hue, except at their base and
extremity, which have a yellowish-red tint, and a small, slightly curved, pointed process
occurs at the extremity of the coxae of the anterior pair, on the under side. Its palpi are
short, and of a brownish-yellow colour, with the exception of the digital joint, w r hich has a
very dark-brown hue; the radial joint is produced on the outer side, and both it and the
cubital joint have two long, curved bristles directed forwards from their extremity, in front;
the digital joint is somewhat oval, with a process at its base, which is curved outwards, and
notched at its extremity; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the
palpal organs; these organs are highly developed, complex in structure, with a process at
their base, which projects a strong, prominent spine directed obliquely outwards and upwards,
and a finer and more pointed one directed obliquely downwards, towards the inner side ;
their colour is very dark-brown intermixed with yellow-brown. The convex sides of the
digital joints are directed towards each other.

In the autumn of 1860, Mr. R. H. Meade captured at Newton Purcel, in Oxfordshire,
an adult female and an immature male of this interesting Epeira, which is remarkable for
having the posterior pair of legs longer than the anterior pair. Mr. Meade had previously
obtained several young individuals of this species in the same locality; and in the autumn of
1861 the Rev. O. P. Cambridge took an adult male and female at Bloxworth, in Dorsetshire.

EPEIRA.

345

Epeira lutea. PL XXV, fig. 249.

Epeira lutea , Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 3.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band v, p. 62, tab. 161, fig. 378.

— — Koch, Ibid., Band xi, p. 123, tab. 388, figs. 926, 927.

Length of the female, ,th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ±th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, gth; length of an anterior leg, §ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, 5 th.

The cephalo-thorax is compressed before, rounded on the sides, convex, particularly in
the cephalic region, glossy, sparingly supplied with whitish hairs, and has a large indentation
in the medial line; it is of a pale, yellow-red colour, with a brownish-red line extending from
the posterior, intermediate pair of eyes to the medial indentation, an obscure line of the same
hue passes obliquely backwards from each lateral pair of eyes, and joins the former line near
its posterior extremity, and a band of a somewhat deeper hue extends along each side, imme¬
diately above the fine, dark-brown, lateral margins. The eyes are disposed on the anterior
part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows; the four intermediate ones are seated on
a prominence, and nearly form a square, the two posterior ones, which are rather nearer to
each other than the anterior ones, being the largest of the eight; the eyes of each lateral pair
are placed obliquely on a tubercle, but are not in contact. The falces are powerful, conical,
vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are short, straight, and
enlarged and rounded at the extremity; the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed at the
apex; and the sternum is heart-shaped, with prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs.
These parts are of a pale, yellow-red colour; the sternum, which is rather the darkest, has
red-brown spots on its lateral prominences and posterior point, and the extremities of the
maxillae and lip have a pale, dull-yellowish hue. The legs are robust, provided with hairs
and spines, and have a pale, yellow-red hue, with brown-red annuli; the first pair is the
longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest; the tarsi are terminated by claws
of the usual number and structure. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved,
pectinated claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex
above, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the colour of the upper part
is pale-yellow, finely reticulated with brownish-red; a leaf-like space, bounded laterally by a
slightly sinuous, red-brown line, finely bordered with pale-yellow externally, tapers from the
anterior part to the spinners; this space comprises some small, pale-yellow spots; two
depressed, dark-brown spots on each side of the medial line, in its broad, anterior part, are
disposed in pairs, those of the posterior pair being the widest apart, and several obscure, pale-
yellow, transverse bars, bordered with red-brown, occur on its posterior half; the superior
region of the sides is somewhat darker than the upper part, and is marked with oblique, red-
brown streaks ; and the inferior region and under part have a reddish-brown hue, the latter
having a curved, pale-yellow line on each side; the sexual organs are highly developed, pro¬
minent, with a long, depressed, membraneous process connected with their anterior margin;

346

EPEIRIDiE.

it is transversely striated, curved backwards, recurved at its extremity, x and has a glossy
protuberance on each side of its base ; the colour of these organs is yellow-brown, and that of
the branchial opercula pale-yellow.

The male, according to M. Koch, has much longer legs than the female, and its colours
are paler, but the design formed by their distribution is similar in both sexes. Its palpi are
short, and the colour of its very prominent palpal organs, which are terminated by a small,
curved, blackish hook, is rust-yellow and brown intermixed.

Adult females of this handsome Epeira were captured by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, in
the summer of 1861, near Tring, in Hertfordshire.

Epeira ornata.

Epeira ornata , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. vi, p. 342 ;
and vol. x, p. 185.

Length of the female, |th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, |th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths \ length of a leg of the third
pair, |jths.

The cephalo-thorax is somewhat oval, slightly compressed before, convex, and glossy,
with an indentation in the medial line; the falces are powerful, conical, vertical, and armed
with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are short, strong, straight, and greatly enlarged
at the extremity, which is rounded; the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed; the legs
are robust and provided with hairs and spines; each tarsus is terminated by three claws of
the usual structure, below which there are several smaller ones; and the palpi are short, with
a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. These parts have a dull-yellow hue tinged with
red, the extremities of the maxillae and lip being much the palest. The sternum is heart-
shaped and of a dull-yellow colour marbled with red. The four intermediate eyes nearly
form a square, the two anterior ones, which are seated on a small protuberance, being rather
wider apart than the posterior ones; and the eyes of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on
a tubercle, and are contiguous. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, convex
above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a fine, bright-red colour, the
sides and under part being the palest, and has a series of minute indentations of a light-yellow
hue extending along the upper part, on each side of the medial line ; the branchial opercula
have a yellow tint; and a long, pale process connected with the anterior margin of the sexual
organs is directed backwards.

A specimen of this showy Epeira , in Mr. Francis Walker’s cabinet, was taken in the
south of England, in April, 1848, but the locality in which it was found is not stated.

EPEIRA.

347

Epeira ceropegia. PI. XXV, fig. 250.

Epeira ceropegia , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 51.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xiv,

p. 83.

— sclopetaria, Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 46, tab. 57, fig. 131.

Miranda ceropegia , Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 4.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band v, p. 51, tab. 158, fig. 370.

Length of the male, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, |>ths, breadth, gth;
breadth of the abdomen, §th ; length of an anterior leg, §ths ; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The four intermediate eyes, which are seated on a prominence, form a square, and those
of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle, and are almost in contact. The
cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, sparingly supplied with hoary hairs, compressed before,
rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the medial line; the falces are conical,
vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are short, powerful, rounded
at the extremity, and have a small, conical process on the outer side, immediately before the
insertion of the palpi; and the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed. These parts are of
a dark reddish-brown colour, the cephalic region and the extremities of the - maxillae and lip
being the palest. The sternum is heart-shaped, thinly clothed with hoary hairs, and of a
dark-brown tint. The legs are long, provided with hairs and spines, and of a reddish-brown
hue, with obscure annuli of a deeper shade on the tibiae and metatarsi; the tibiae of the second
pair are enlarged and convex towards the extremity, on the inner side, where there are several
strong, prominent spines, and a slightly curved, conical process occurs at the extremity of the
coxae of the anterior pair, on the under side; the tarsi are terminated by three claws of the
usual structure, and below them there are several smaller ones. The palpi are short, and of
a yellowish-brown colour, with the exception of the digital joint, which has a dark-brown tint;
the cubital joint is rather prominent at the extremity, in front, whence project two long,
curved bristles; the radial is much stronger than the cubital joint, and is provided with two
apophyses, one of which, on the outer side, is large, obtuse, and protuberant at its base, and
the other, situated underneath, is smaller and darker coloured; the digital joint is somewhat
of an oval form, with a strong, obtuse process at the base curved outwards ; it is convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are very highly deve¬
loped, very prominent, and complicated in structure, with several curved, pointed processes
at their extremity, and are of a dark-brown hue tinged with red. The convex sides of the
digital joints are directed towards each other. The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with
longish, hoary hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of
an & olive-brown colour, with a yellowish-white, dentated band, which tapers towards the
spinners, extending along the middle of the upper part, and comprising a narrow, fusiform,
olive-brown band freckled with yellowish-white; on each side there is an irregular, longi-

348

EPJ3IR1D.ZE.

tudinal, yellowish-white line, whose continuity is sometimes interrupted, and an oblong spot
of the same hue occurs in the middle of the under part; the colour of the branchial opercula
is a dark reddish-brown.

According to M. Koch, the sexes are marked nearly alike, but the female is much the
larger, and its legs are shorter than those of the male.

An adult male of this species was captured at Piercefield, near Chepstow, in Monmouth¬
shire, in the autumn of 1853, by Mr. F. Walker, and was forwarded by him to Mr. R. H.
Meade, from whom it was received in December, in the same year.

Epeira adianta. PI. XXV, fig. 251.

Epeira adianta, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 52.

— segementata, Sund. Vet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 247.

Miranda pictilis, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 4.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band v, p. 50, tab. 158, fig. 369.

Length of the female, 3 7 5 nds of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, -^th, breadth,
T^th; breadth of the abdomen, |th; length of an anterior leg, fths ; length of a leg of the
third pair, ^nds.

The cephalo-thorax is compressed before, rounded on the sides, thinly clothed with hairs,
convex, glossy, and has an indentation in the medial line ; it is of a brownish-yellow colour,
with a narrow, longitudinal, black band in the middle, and another, tinged with brown, ex¬
tending above and nearly parallel to each lateral margin. The falces are powerful, conical,
vertical, armed with a few teeth on the inner surface, and of a brownish-yellow colour, their
extremity and a streak at the base, towards the outer side, having a brown-black hue. The
maxillae are short, straight, and enlarged and rounded at the extremity; the lip is semi¬
circular ; and the sternum is heart-shaped, with minute eminences on the lateral margins,
opposite to the legs. These parts have a brownish-black hue, the border of the maxillae and
the apex of the lip having a brownish-yellow tint. The legs are moderately long and robust,
provided with hairs and erect spines, and are of a brownish-yellow colour faintly tinged with
red, the extremities of the joints and the outer side of the upper part of the femora of the
first and second pairs having a brown hue; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and
the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by the customary number of claws,
and the palpi, which are short, and resemble the legs in colour, have a curved, pectinated
claw at their extremity. The four intermediate eyes form a square, and those of each lateral
pair are seated on a small tubercle and are almost in contact. The abdomen is oviform,
sparingly clothed with hairs, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax;
a band of a yellowish-white hue, broad and strongly dentated at its anterior part, but tapering
to the spinners, extends along the middle; this band, which comprises an obscure, longi¬
tudinal, yellowish-brown streak whose margins are the darkest, is bordered by a dentated
brown-black band, exterior to which there is a broad, dentated, yellowish-brown band whose

EPElRA.

349

outer margin is the palest; on the sides there are oblique, brownish-black and yellowish-
brown streaks somewhat confusedly blended, and the colour of the under part and of the
spinners is brownish-black, the former comprising two longitudinal, yellowish-white lines,
and two spots of the same hue occurring on each side of the latter; a prominent, brownish-
black process directed backwards is connected with the sexual organs; and the colour of the
branchial opercula is dark-brown.

The male is smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. A slightly curved,
conical, pointed process projects at right angles from the extremity of the coxae of the
anterior legs, on the under side. The cubital joint of the palpi has two long bristles at the
extremity of its upper surface, which are directed forwards ; the radial joint projects a large,
obtuse, dark-brown apophysis from its inner side, and a smaller, pointed one from its outer
side ; the digital joint is oval, with a large, obtuse, glossy process at its base, which is curved
outwards; it is of a dark-brown colour, convex and hairy externally, concave within, com¬
prising the palpal organs, which are very highly developed, complicated in structure, wfith
several strong, prominent processes on the under side, and are of a dark-brown colour par¬
tially tinged with yellowish-brown ; the convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards
each other.

Specimens of this species were captured in Dorsetshire, and in the New Porest,
Hampshire, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, in 1857 and 1858 ; and in the latter year an
immature male, taken in Leicestershire, which had to undergo its final ecdysis, was received
from Mr. R. H. Meade.

Epeira fusca. PI. XXVI, fig. 252.

Ep'eira fusca, Walck., Hist. Nat. de3 Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 84.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 127.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 186.

— Menardi, Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect,, tom. i, p. 108.

Meta fusca, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 7.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 118, tab. 285, figs. 685—'687.

Length of the female, -^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 1th, breadth, gth;
breadth of the abdomen, ^ths ; length of an anterior leg, l^ths ; length of a leg of the thiid
pair, §ths.

The legs are long, provided with numerous erect, black spines, and of a red-brown hue,
with broad, brownish-black annuli; each tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual
structure, and below them there are several smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in
colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The cephalo-thorax is large,
convex, glossy, compressed before, truncated in front, rounded on the sides, and has a large
indentation in the medial line ; it is of a reddish-brown colour, with brownish-black lateral

350

EPEIRIDiE.

margins, and a band of the same hue extending along the middle, which increases in breadth
as it approaches the eyes, where it becomes slightly bifid. The four intermediate eyes
nearly form a square; the two anterior ones are seated on a slight prominence, and those of
each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle and are almost in contact. The falces
are powerful, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillm are
straight, robust, convex underneath, and enlarged at the extremity, which is rounded; and
the lip is semicircular. These parts have a dark red-brown hue, the extremities of the
maxillae and lip being much the palest. The sternum is heart-shaped, with prominences on
the margins, opposite to the legs and lip, and has a brownish-black tint. The abdomen is
oviform, glossy, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; the upper
part is of a yellowish or reddish-brown hue, with a large, oval, brownish-black spot in the
anterior region, on each side of the medial line; these spots are almost united in front by a
narrow band of the same tint, which proceeds from each of them; between the oval spots and
the spinners there is a series of curved, transverse, brownish-black bars, which diminish in
length as they approach the anus ; the sides are of a brownish-black colour, freckled with
dull-yellow, and have a slightly curved band of a yellowish hue extending from the anterior
part to the spinners, on each side of which organs there are one or two yellow spots ; the
under part is of a dark red-brown or brownish-black hue, bordered on each side by an ob¬
scure, yellowish band; and the colour of the branchial opercula is pale-yellow.

The male is smaller than the female, but it resembles her in the design formed by the
distribution of its colours. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short; the latter is
rather the larger and projects a small, pointed apophysis from its extremity, in front; the
digital joint is of an irregular, complex form, having a strong, prominent, corneous process in
front, which has several minute protuberances on its under side, and a smaller, membrane¬
ous process on the outer side, whose extremity is enlarged, somewhat rounded, and supplied
with long hairs ; the principal part of the joint is of a rhomboidal figure, gibbous at the base,
convex, hairy, and provided with some erect spines externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in structure, and have at their
extremity a strong, corneous, pointed process, a long and nearly straight spine, and, exterior
to both, a large, corneous process which terminates in a fine, transparent membrane; their
colour is reddish-brown, the corneous parts being much the darkest. The convex sides of
the digital joints are directed towards each other.

The young, when they quit the cocoon, have a very dark hue, with the exception of the
anterior and lateral regions of the upper part of the abdomen, which are marked with white,
and two pale-yellow spots on its under part.

Caves, cellars, overhanging banks and other obscure places constitute the principal
haunts of Epeira fusca in North Wales. In autumn the female fabricates a large oviform
cocoon of white silk of so delicate a texture that the eggs, connected together by silken lines
in a globular mass a quarter of an inch in diameter, may be seen distinctly within it. Its
transverse axis measures about eleven tenths, and its conjugate axis eight tenths of an inch,
and it is attached by numerous lines, generally forming a short pedicle at one extremity, to
the walls or roofs of the places it inhabits. The eggs, which are yellow and spherical, are
between 400 and 500 in number.

In transferring this species and Epeira antriada ,, included in the genus Meta ( f Uebers.

EPEIRA.

351

des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 6), from the Epeiridce to the Theridiidce, and thus widely
separating them from a species so closely allied as Epeira inclinata, which is suffered to
remain in the former family, M. Koch appears to have lost sight of those principles of
affinity and analogy which afford the only safe guide in the classification of natural
objects.

Epeira antriada. PI. XXVI, fig. 253.

Epeira antriada , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 83.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 128.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 186.

Meta muraria, Koch, Die Arachn., Band viii, p. 125, tab. 288, figs. 693, 694.

Length of the female, T s 5 ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, |th;
breadth of the abdomen, |th ; length of an anterior leg, |ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, §ths.

The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before, truncated in front, rounded on
the sides, and has a large indentation in the medial line ; it is of a pale yellowish-brown
colour, with black lateral margins, a few obscure, transverse, black streaks on the sides, and
a band of the same hue extending along the middle, which increases in breadth as it
approaches the eyes, where it comprises several yellowish-brown spots. The four intermediate
eyes nearly form a square; the two anterior ones are seated on a small prominence, and
those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle and are almost in contact. The
falces are powerful, conical, convex near the base, in front, somewhat inclined towards the
sternum, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and of a reddish-brown hue, with a blackish
spot on the frontal convexity. The maxillae are robust, straight, and enlarged and rounded
at the extremity; and the lip is nearly semicircular. These parts are of a dark reddish-brown
colour, the inner surface of the maxillae being the palest. The sternum is heart-shaped, with
prominences on the sides opposite to the legs, and has a brownish-black tint. The legs are
long, provided with hairs and erect, black spines, and are of a light reddish-brown colour,
the thighs being the palest, with black spots and brownish-black annuli; each tarsus is ter¬
minated by three claws of the usual structure, and below them there are several smaller ones.
The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity.
The abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with short hairs, convex above, and projects over
the base of the cephalo-thorax ; on the upper part there is a large, brown, leaf-like mark,
with blackish, sinuous margins, whose anterior part, which is the broadest, is mottled with
black and yellowish-white, and an obscure, dark-brown, dentated band extends along the
middle; four minute indentations, marked by small, yellowish-white spots, describe a
quadrangle in the anterior region of the leaf-like mark, and the sides are mottled and streaked
with black, brown, and yellow; on the under part there is a broad, longitudinal, black band,

46

352

EPEIRIM2.

interrupted by a brown patch near the spinners which sometimes comprises a yellowish spot;
this band has yellow lateral borders, and there are two spots of the same hue on each side of
the spinners ; the colour of the branchial opercula is yellowish-white. This species varies
greatly in colour, some individuals being much darker and less distinctly marked than
others.

The design formed by the colours of the sexes is similar, but the male is smaller than
the female. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, and the latter, which is the
stronger, has a minute apophysis at its extremity, in front ; the digital joint consists of three
parts ; one, which projects boldly in front, is curved, glossy, transversely striated above, and
has a thin membrane connected with it; another, united to the base of the curved part on
the outer side, is slender and hairy ; and the third, which is much the largest, is somewhat
oval, contracted at the base, convex and hairy externally, and concave within; all are
connected with the palpal organs, which are moderately developed, not very complicated in
structure, and of a red-brown colour. The convex sides of the oval parts of the digital
joints are directed towards each other.

Obscure damp situations are generally resorted to by this spider, which is plentiful in
many parts of England and Wales, and also occurs in Scotland and Ireland. It spins an
extensive net with an open circular space at the centre, which it usually occupies when
watching for its prey; from this station it drops quickly to the ground on being disturbed,
regaining it when the danger is past by means of a line drawn from the spinners in its
descent, and previously attached to the circumvolution of the unadhesive line bounding
the central aperture. Like Tetragncitha extensa , it has the habit of extending the first and
second pairs of legs in a line with the body.

Immature individuals of the species Epeira antriada, Epeira inclinata , Epeira cucurbitina
and Epeira diadema, and adults of the species Linyphia minuta and Linyphia tenuis , are fre¬
quently infested by the larva of the Polysphincta carbonaria of Gravenhorst, which feeds upon
their fluids and ultimately occasions their death. Since the publication of the account of
this parasite in the‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. xi, p. 1, it has been
observed that the colour of the larva, after its final change of integument, becomes dark-
brown, streaked and spotted with white, particularly on the sides, and that a series of dorsal
prolegs is developed on the segments of its body comprised between the third and tenth, both
inclusive. These dorsal prolegs are short, and, with the exception of that on the tenth
segment, are more or less bifid at the summit; on their extremities are disposed numerous
fine curved processes or claws, with which the larva, when about to fabricate its cocoon,
attaches itself to the lines spun by its victim. Only two instances are noticed by Messrs.
Kirby and Spence in their ‘ Introduction to Entomology,’ sixth edition, vol. ii, pp. 227, 228,
of the larvae of insects having prolegs situated on their backs.

EPEIRA

353

Epeira celata. PI. XXVI, fig. 254.

Epeira celata, Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xviii, p. 668.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x, p. 187.

Length of the female, ~ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^ths, breadth, §th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |rds; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^ths.

The abdomen is oviform, hairy, convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-
thorax; it is mottled with black and brown, and has an obscure, yellowish, curved line on
each side of the anterior region of the upper part, and a broad, yellow band extending along
the middle; this band, which comprises a fine, longitudinal, ramified line of a darker hue, is
narrowest at its anterior extremity, near which a short, yellow line crosses it at right angles;
on each side of the middle of the brownish-black under part there is a longitudinal, yellow
line; and the colour of the branchial opercula is pale-brown. 1 he cephalo-thorax is convex,
glossy, compressed before, truncated in front, and rounded on the sides, which are marked
with slight furrows converging towards a large indentation in the medial line; its colour is
pale-brown, with black margins, a few transverse, black streaks on the sides, and a band of
the same hue extending along the middle, which increases in breadth as it approaches the
eyes, where it comprises several pale-brown spots. The four intermediate eyes nearly form
a square; the two anterior ones are seated on a slight prominence, and those of each lateral
pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, and are almost in contact. I he falces are
powerful, conical, convex near the base, in front, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and
inclined towards the sternum; their colour is very dark-brown tinged with red. The
maxillae are straight, enlarged and rounded at the extremity, and of a dark reddish-brown
hue. The lip is semicircular and of a brownish-black colour, having a faint tinge of red at
the apex, which is prominent. The sternum is heart-shaped, with eminences on the sides,
opposite to the legs, and has a brownish-black tint. The legs are long, provided with hairs
and erect, black spines, and of a yellowish-brown hue, with black spots and annuli; each
tarsus is terminated by three clavrs of the usual structure, and below them there are several
smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at
their extremity.

The male is smaller than the female, but it resembles her in colour. 1 he cubital and
radial joints of its palpi are short, and the latter, which is the stronger, has a small pointed
apophysis at its extremity, in front; the digital joint consists of three parts; one, which
projects boldly in front, is curved, glossy, transversely striated above, and has a thm
membrane connected with it; another, united to the base of the curved part on the outer
side, is slender and hairy; and the third, which is much the largest, is somewhat oval, con¬
tracted at its base, convex and hairy externally, and concave within ; all are connected with
the palpal organs, which are moderately developed, not very complicated in structure, and

354

EPEIRIDiE.

of a reddish-brown colour. The convex sides of the oval parts of the digital joints are
directed towards each other.

M. Walckenaer has disposed of Epeira celata as a synonym of Epeira fusca Hist. Nat.
des Insect. Apt.,’ t. iv, p. 471); but it differs materially from that species in size, structure,
colour, and economy, and has a much closer affinity with Epeira antriada . It inhabits damp
caverns and hollow banks in Denbighshire and Caernarvonshire, to the sides of which the
female, in the month of May, attaches a subglobose cocoon of whitish silk of a loose texture,
measuring about half an inch in diameter ; in it she deposits between 200 and 300 spherical
eggs of a yellow colour, agglutinated together in a lenticular form.

Epeira inclinata. PI. XXVI, fig. 255.

Epeira inclinata, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 82.

— — Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 250.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 187.

Zilla reticulata , Koch, Die Arachn., Band vi, p. 142, tab. 214, figs. 532, 533.

Titulus 1, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 24, tab. 1, fig. 1.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, |th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, £th; length of an anterior leg, Hths; length of a leg of the third
pair, \th.

The four intermediate eyes nearly form a square ; the two anterior ones are seated on a
small prominence, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle and are
almost in contact. The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before, truncated in
front, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the medial line; it is of a pale
yellowish-brown colour, with black lateral margins, a black band extending along the middle,
which is bifid before, and a short streak of the same hue directed backwards from each
lateral pair of eyes. The falces are powerful, conical, convex near the base, in front,
somewhat inclined towards the sternum, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and of a
yellowish-brown hue, with a blackish spot on the frontal convexity. The maxillae are strong,
straight, enlarged and rounded at the extremity, and have a brownish-black tint, being paler
towards the inner surface. The lip is nearly semicircular; and the sternum is heart-shaped,
with prominences on the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts are of a brownish-black
colour, the latter being rather paler in the medial line. The legs are long, provided with
hairs, and erect, black spines, and of a yellow-brown hue, with brownish-black spots and dark
annuli; each tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, and below them there
are several smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pec¬
tinated claw at their extremity. The abdomen is oviform, sparingly clothed with short hairs,
convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; on the upper part there
is a large, leaf-like mark, having black, sinuous margins, whose anterior part, which is the

EPEIRA.

355

broadest, comprises two large, yellowish-white marks; the form of the anterior one is
irregular, that of the posterior one triangular, and both are bisected by a fine, ramified, brown
line; between the base of the triangular mark and the spinners there are transverse black,
brown, and yellowish-white bars, and on each side of the leaf-shaped mark there is a broad,
dentated band of a yellowish-white or red-brown colour; the sides have a brownish-black hue
mottled with yellow, and the under part, which is of a yellowish colour reticulated with
brown, has a broad, brownish-black band, bounded on each side by a yellow line, extending
along the middle; two yellow spots occur on each side of the spinners, and the branchial
opercula have a yellowish-brown tint, their inner margin being somewhat paler. This
species varies greatly in colour, some individuals being much darker than others.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female, and its legs, which are without
annuli, have a red-brown tint. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are short, the latter,
which is the stronger, having a minute apophysis at its extremity, in front; the digital joint
consists of three parts; one, which is straight and glossy, projects in front; another, united
to the base of the former on the outer side, is slender and hairy; and the third, which is
much the largest, is somewhat oval, greatly contracted at its base, convex and hairy
externally, and concave within; all are connected with the palpal organs, which are
moderately developed, not very complicated in structure, and of a red-brown colour. The
convex sides of the oval parts of the digital joints are directed towards each other.

Epeira inclinata abounds in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland, but seems to
prefer districts which are well wooded. It spins in the intervals between the branches of
trees and shrubs a net similar in design to that constructed by Epeira antriada, and, like that
species, drops quickly, on being disturbed, from its station in the circular aperture at the
centre of its snare, drawing from the spinners in its descent a line which enables it speedily
to regain its former position.

In autumn the female attaches to the under side of stones, fragments of rock, and lichens
growing on old trees, several globular cocoons of whitish silk of a loose texture, measuring,
on an average, three eighths of an inch in diameter; each contains from 80 to 140 spherical
eggs of a pale-yellow colour, cemented together in a globular mass.

An adult female of this species, captured in August, 1842, was entirely destitute of the
left intermediate eye of the posterior row, and the right intermediate eye of the same row had
not half of the usual size; and in another adult female, received from the Rev. Hamlet
Clark, in the autumn of the same year, the right intermediate eye of the posterior row had
not one eighth of the natural size, being merely rudimentary.

Epeira albimacula. PI. XXVI, fig. 256.

Epeira albimacula , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xiv,
p. 33.

Kocli, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 5.

Koch, Die Arachn., Band vi, p. 144, tab. 215, figs. 534, 535.

Zilla

356

EPEIRIDJE.

Length of the male, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ~ F ,th> breadth, TB th ;
breadth of the abdomen, T ' 6 th; length of an anterior leg, ^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, B th.

The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and fine spines, and of a yellowish-
brown colour; the superior surface of the femora of the first and second pairs has a
brownish-black tint, and the third and fourth pairs are marked with obscure annuli of the
same hue ; each tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, and below them
there are several smaller ones. The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before,
rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial line; it is of a yellowish-brown
hue, the cephalic region and the lateral margins being the darkest. The four intermediate
eyes form a square, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle and are
almost in contact; the two posterior eyes of the square are the largest of the eight, and the
anterior ones are seated on a prominence. The falces are conical, vertical, and armed with
teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are short, strong, straight, rounded at the extremity,
and have a conical process on the outer side, immediately before the insertion of the palpi;
the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed. These parts are of a dark-brown colour
slightly tinged with red. The sternum, which is heart-shaped, has a yellowish-brown tint,
with darker margins. The palpi are short and of a yellowish-brown hue ; the radial
joint is stronger than the cubital and has an obtuse protuberance on the outer side; the
digital joint is somewhat oval, with a slender process at the base curved outwards; it is
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are very
highly developed, very prominent, complicated in structure, with a yellowish-brown convexity
on the outer side, and are of a very dark-brown colour slightly tinged with red. The convex
sides of the digital joints are directed towards each other. The abdomen is oviform, thinly
clothed with hairs, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; on the
upper part there is a broad, leaf-like mark, which tapers to the spinners, and has dentated
lateral margins bordered with white; it is of a brownish-black colour freckled with white,
and has a transverse, white bar, minutely spotted with black, near its anterior extremity; the
sides, which are whitish, are streaked and spotted with brownish-black, and the under part is
of a brownish-black hue, with a curved, yellowish-white stripe on each side of the medial
line; the colour of the branchial opercula is dark-brown.

From the description of this species given by M. Koch, it appears that the female is
larger and more distinctly marked than the male, that its legs are much shorter, the femora,
which are white, having a black annulus near their extremity, and that the palpi are marked
with brown-black annuli.

In December, 1853, an adult male of this Epeira was received from Mr. R. H.
Meade, which had been taken by Mr. F. Walker, at Piercefield, in the summer of the same
year.

M. Walckenaer has placed the Zi.lia [Epeira) albimacula of M. Koch among the
synonyma of Epeira agalena (‘ Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt.,’ t. ii, p. 37) ; but the males of these
species differ in the design formed by the distribution of their colours, in the armature of
their anterior legs, and in the structure of their palpal organs.

EPEIRiV.

357

Epeira anthracina. PL XXVI, fig. 257

Micryphantes anthracinus, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 11.

Singa anthracina, Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 154, tab. 393, fig. 950.

Length of the male, ~>th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, |>ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, f 5 th.

The cephalo-thorax is large, compressed before, rounded on the sides, convex, glossy,
with a broad indentation in the medial line, and is of a very dark-brown colour. The eyes
are nearly equal in size, and are disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax ; the
four intermediate ones form a square, the two anterior ones being seated on a prominence,
and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle, and are near to each other,
but not in contact. The falces are powerful, conical, and inclined towards the sternum; the
maxillee are short, strong, straight, and enlarged and rounded at the extremity; and the lip
is semicircular, but pointed at the apex. These organs are of a brownish-red colour, the
last two being brown at the base. The legs are long, provided with hairs and fine spines,
and of a yellowish-red colour, the anterior half of the femora of the first pair having a dark-
brown hue ; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest.
The palpi are short, and resemble the legs in colour, with the exception of the digital joint,
which has a dark-brown hue; the cubital joint is rather prominent at its extremity, from
which two long, curved bristles are directed forwards; the radial joint is somewhat produced
on the inner side ; the digital joint is oval, with a process at its base, curved outwards ; it is
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs; these organs are
very highly developed, protuberant, complicated in structure, with a prominent, pointed
process at their base, a black spine curved from the outer side round their extremity, and
are of a brown hue. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each
other. The sternum is broad, heart-shaped, glossy, with small prominences on the sides,
opposite to the legs ; and the abdomen is oviform, thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, convex
above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax. These parts have a brownish-
black hue.

Two adult males of this small Epeira were taken by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, at
Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, in the summer of 1860. The female has not yet been dis¬
covered.

358

EPEIRHLE.

EpEIRA DIADEMA. PI. XXVI, fig. 258.

Epeira diadema, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 29.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 106.

— — Sund., Yet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 235.

— Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 22, tab. 45, fig. 110.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 2.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 103, tab. 384, fig. 910.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x, p. 188.

Titulus 2, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 28, tab. 1, fig. 2.

Length of the female, §ths of an inch • length of the cephalo-thorax, fth, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, |ths; length of an anterior leg, fths; length of a leg of the third
pair,

The cephalo-thorax is convex, clothed with pale yellowish-brown hairs, compressed
before, truncated in front, rounded on the sides, and has a large indentation in the medial
line ; it is of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with a fine, brown line on the margins, a broad,
dark-brown band extending along each side and in front, and another, of the same hue, in
the middle, which increases in breadth as it approaches the eyes. The four intermediate
eyes are seated on a slight protuberance and nearly form a square, those of each lateral
pair being placed obliquely on a tubercle and almost in contact. The falces are short,
strong, conical, vertical, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and of a brownish-black
colour, the extremity having a yellowish-brown hue. The maxillse are straight, powerful,
and greatly enlarged at the extremity, which is rounded; the lip is nearly semicircular, but
somewhat pointed; and the sternum is heart-shaped, with prominences on the margin,
opposite to the legs and lip. These parts are of a blackish colour, with the exception of the
extremities of the maxillae and lip, which have a yellow tint. The legs are robust, provided with
hairs and numerous erect spines, and of a yellowish-brown colour, with dark-brown annuli; each
tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, and below them there are several
smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at
their extremity. The abdomen is large, somewhat oviform, with a slight, obtuse, conical
protuberance on each side of the anterior extremity of the upper part, sparingly clothed with
hairs, convex above, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax; on the upper
part there is a brown, leaf-like mark, which decreases in breadth as it approaches the spinners,
and has dark, sinuous margins finely bordered with white, and wdiite spots in its anterior
region ; it is bisected longitudinally by a line consisting of wdiite or pale-yellow streaks and
spots, which is intersected by three similar lines, giving it the form of a triple cross ; on each
side of the leaf-like mark there is a broad, sinuous, yellowish-brown band obscurely spotted
with white; the sides and under part are of a dark-brown hue, mottled with dull
yellowish-white, and along the middle of the latter there is a broad, brownish-black band,
bordered anteriorly by tw r o yellowish-white lines which are enlarged at their posterior
extremity; a long, curved, wrinkled, membraneous, flesh-coloured process, directed back-

EPElRA.

359

wards, is in connexion with the prominent sexual organs; and the branchial opercula are of
a pale-brown hue, the inner margin having a tinge of yellow. This species varies from light
yellowish-brown to brownish-black, but, notwithstanding the differences in its predominant
tint, it may readily be distinguished by the peculiarity of the design formed by the distribution
of the colours on its abdomen.

Though the male bears a marked general resemblance to the female, yet it differs from
her in various particulars. It is much smaller, and the dark bands on its cephalo-thorax are
not so conspicuous; its falces are less powerful, and of a yellowish-brown hue; a small,
conical process occurs on the outer side of its maxillse, immediately before the insertion of
the palpi, and these organs, with the lip and sternum, are of a red-brown colour, with the
exception of the extremities of the maxillse and lip, which have a yellowish-brown tint; the
coxae of its anterior legs have a conical process at the extremity, on the under side, and a
similar process is situated at the base of the coxae of the second pair, whose tibiae are more
robust than those of the other legs, and are provided with two parallel rows of short, strong,
black spines on their anterior surface; its palpi are short, and of a yellowish-brown hue;
the cubital joint is rather prominent at its extremity, in front, whence project two long
bristles, and the radial joint is protuberant on the outer side; the digital joint has somewhat
of a narrow, elongated, oval form, with an obtuse, brownish-black process at its base, curved
outwards; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, and comprises the palpal
organs, which are very highly developed, very protuberant, and complicated in structure,
having a pale, prominent process on the outer side, and several pointed ones at the ex¬
tremity, and their colour is red-brown, intermixed with yellowish-brown. T he convex sides
of the digital joints are directed towards each other.

This spider is plentiful in Great Britain and Ireland, constructing an extensive net, with¬
out any circular opening at the centre, among gorse, heath, and bushes. In common with
the other species belonging to the genus Ejpeira , its head is always directed downw r ards
when occupying a position at the centre of its snare, and as it is supported on such occasions
chiefly by the sustentacula and a line connecting the spinners with its station, the reason of
the fact is apparent.

JEJpeira diadema and some of its congeners envelope their prey in a sheet of web by the
following curious process. Causing the victim to rotate by the action of the third pair of
legs and the palpi, the first pair of legs also being frequently employed in a similar manner,
they extend the spinners laterally, and applying to them alternately the sustentaculum of each
posterior leg, they seize and draw out numerous fine lines in the form of a fillet, which they
attach to their revolving prey, and thus involve it in a dense covering of silk from one ex¬
tremity to the other. By means of this stratagem they are capable of overcoming formidable
and powerful insects, such as wasps, bees, and even large beetles.

In October the female of this species attaches to the inferior surface of stones a sub-
globose cocoon of yellow silk of a loose texture, measuring two thirds of an inch in diameter,
in which she deposits, between 700 and 800 spherical eggs, of a yellow colour, agglutinated
together in a lenticular form. Withered leaves and bits of dry fern are frequently distributed
on the exterior surface of the cocoon. After deserting this nidus, the young spin a few lines,
on which they group themselves into a compact mass, somewhat resembling the granulated
fruit of the Rubi.

47

360

EPElIRIDiE.

Epeira angulata. PI. XXVII, fig. 259.

Ep'eira angulata, Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 2.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p. 77, tab. 379, figs. 892—895.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. xx,

p. 502.

— cornuta , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 123.

Length of the female, ^ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, |th, breadth, ^ths;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, fths; length of a leg of the third
pair, &ths.

The legs are robust, provided with hairs and spines, and of a yellowish-brown colour,
with brown-black annuli; each tarsus is terminated by three claws of the usual structure, and
below them there are several smaller ones. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have
a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity. The cephalo-thorax is slightly convex, com¬
pressed before, rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial line; it is densely
clothed with yellowish-gray hairs, and of a dark-brown colour; an obscure band extends
along the middle, another on each side, and the lateral margins are the darkest. The four
intermediate eyes, which are seated on a protuberance, nearly form a square, and those of
each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle and are near to each other, but not in
contact. The falces are powerful, conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on the inner sur¬
face ; the maxillae are straight, short, strong, and greatly enlarged at the extremity, which is
rounded ; the lip is nearly semicircular, but somewhat pointed at the apex. These parts are
of a dark-brown colour, with the exception of the extremities of the maxillae and lip, which
have a yellowish-brown hue. The sternum is heart-shaped, with prominences on the sides,
opposite to the legs; it has a dark-brown hue, with a broad, longitudinal, yellow-brown band
in the middle. The abdomen is hairy, and somewhat oviform, a large, prominent, conical
protuberance situated on each side of the anterior extremity of the upper part giving it a
triangular appearance; it is convex above, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-
thorax ; on the upper part there is a brown-black, leaf-like mark, which is darkest on the
strongly dentated margins, and decreases in breadth as it approaches the spinners; it is
finely bordered by a yellowish-white line, is obscurely freckled with pale-brown, and its
anterior part comprises one or two yellowish-white, angular lines, whose vertices are directed
forwards, and to these succeed short streaks and spots of the same hue ; the anterior part of
the conical protuberances and the sides have a yellowish-brown colour spotted with dark-
brown ; on the upper part of the latter the spots, which are confluent, form oblique rows,
and on their lower part horizontal ones; the underpart is of a brown-black colour, with two
conspicuous, parallel, yellow spots near the spinners; the sexual organs are prominent, and
have in connexion with them a long, curved, membraneous process, which is darkest
coloured at its extremity.

The male is smaller than the female, and the conical protuberance on each side of the

EPBIRA.

361

anterior extremity of the upper part of its abdomen is proportionally minute; its legs are
long, the usual colour of the femora is black, and the tibiae of the second pair are curved
and dilated. The palpi are short, and of a brownish-yellow colour; the digital joint is oval,
convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly
developed, complicated in structure, and of a dark, reddish-brown hue. The colours, and the
design formed by them, are similar in both sexes.

An adult female Epeira angulata , and an immature male which had to undergo its
final ecdysis, were taken in 1856, near Blandford, in Dorsetshire, by the Rev. O. P.
Cambridge.

The descriptions of Epeira angulata given by arachnologists are, in general, so brief and
imperfect as to render any attempt to reconcile the perplexed synonyma of this species
almost hopeless.

Epeira bicornis. PI. XXVII, fig. 260.

Epeira bicornis , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 124.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 126.

— — Koch, Die Araclin., Band xi, p. 92, tab. 382, figs. 902, 903.

— ^ Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 248.

— arbustorum , Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft., p. 3.

Length of the female, Aths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, gth, breadth, T Uh;
breadth of the abdomen, # 5 ths ; length of an anterior leg, ^rd ; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The abdomen is short, broad, somewhat oviform, with a bold, conical protuberance on
each side of the anterior extremity of the upper part, and projects over the base of the
cephalo-thorax ; a large, reddish-brown, leaf-like mark on the upper part, which tapers to the
spinners, and has dark, sinuous margins, comprises a green spot, situated between the tubercles ;
the anterior part, exterior to the extremity of the leaf-like mark, and the sides have a dull-
green tint, mottled with yellowish-green, and a broad, brownish-black band, bordered by
greenish-yellow, extends along the middle of the under part; the sexual organs are very
prominent, and have in connexion with them a small, pale, oval process, directed backwards;
and the colour of the branchial opercula is yellowish-brown. The cephalo-thorax is convex,
compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has an indentation in the medial line; it is of a
dark-brown colour, and is clothed with pale, yellowish-brown hairs, which are densest in the
cephalic region. The four intermediate eyes are seated on a protuberance, and nearly form a
square, the two posterior ones being much the largest of the eight; those of each lateral pair,
which are the smallest, are placed obliquely on a tubercle, and are almost in contact. The
falces are strong, conical, and armed with teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are short,
powerful, and greatly enlarged at the extremity; the lip is triangular and pointed at the

362

EPSIRIDjE.

apex; and the sternum is heart-shaped, with minute prominences on the sides, opposite to the
legs. These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the falces being the darkest, and the maxillae
and lip having yellow-brown margins. The legs are robust, provided with hairs and spines,
and of a pale, yellow-brown hue, with black annuli; and each tarsus is terminated by the
customary number of claws of the usual structure. The palpi resemble the legs in colour,
and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female, and the conical protuberances
on its abdomen are less prominent; its legs also, which are longer than hers, have a small,
pointed process at the extremity of the coxse of the anterior pair, on the under side, and the
tibiae of the second pair are amply provided with strong spines ; a pointed process occurs
near the extremity of the falces, in front, and another on the outer side of the maxillae, imme¬
diately before the insertion of the palpi. Its palpi are short; the cubital joint has a long
bristle projecting from its extremity, in front, and the radial joint, which is the stronger of
the two, has a large, obtuse protuberance on the outer side, and a smaller one on the inner
side; the digital joint is of an oblong oval form, and has an obtuse, glossy, black process,
curved outwards, at its base ; it is convex and hairy externally, concave within, comprising
the palpal organs, which are very highly developed, complicated in structure, and of a dark,
reddish-brown colour. The convex sides of the digital joints are directed towards each
other.

In the wooded parts of Denbighshire this rare species occurs on the trunks of trees. It
pairs in June, and in July the female constructs a subglobose cocoon of light-brown silk of a
loose texture, about one third of an inch in diameter, which includes her eggs.

Epeira conica. PI. XXVII, fig. 261.

Epeira conica, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., t. ii, p. 138.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 109.

— — Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 248.

— — Hahn., Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 45, tab. 57, fig. 130.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat, Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 249.

Singa — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft., p. 6.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band xi, p, 145, tab. 392, figs. 943—945.

Titulus 4, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 32, tab. 1, fig. 4.

Length of the female from the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax to the extremity of the
conical abdominal protuberance, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ath, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, 5 th; length of an anterior leg, ^rd; length of a leg of the third
pair, &ths.

The abdomen has a large, conical protuberance situated near the middle of the upper
part, which gives it somewhat of a triangular form when viewed laterally; it projects greatly

EPEIRA.

363

over the base of the cephalo-thorax, and its prevailing colour is yellowish-white ; the sides are
marked with streaks and blotches of a pale, reddish-brown hue, a broad, irregular, blackish
band, comprising several white marks, extends from the anterior part to the extremity of the
conical protuberance, and the space between the protuberance and the spinners has a brown
tint, with confluent, white spots constituting longitudinal and transverse lines; the under part
is black, and a large, angular, white mark, whose lower side is the broader, and whose vertex
is directed obliquely downwards and outwards, occurs on each side of it; the sexual organs
are prominent, and of a dark, reddish-brown colour, with a somewhat cylindrical process,
directed backwards, in connexion with their anterior margin ; and the branchial opercula
have a browm tint. The cephalo-thorax is small, convex, glossy, compressed before, rounded
on the sides, and has a broad indentation in the medial line; the falces are long, powerful,
armed with teeth on the inner surface, and slightly inclined towards the sternum, which is
heart-shaped, and has small eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs ; the maxillae are
strong, and the lip is nearly semicircular, but somewhat pointed. These parts are of a very
dark, reddish-brown or brownish-black colour, with the exception of the extremities of the
maxillae and lip, which have a pale, reddish-brown hue. The four intermediate eyes nearly
form a square, the two anterior ones, which are rather wider apart than the posterior ones,
being placed on a bold protuberance; those of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a
minute tubercle, and are almost in contact. The legs are moderately long, sparingly provided
with hairs and fine spines, and of a reddish-brown colour, the coxae and femora being much
the palest, with brown spots and annuli; and each tarsus is terminated by the customary
number of claws of the usual structure. The palpi have a slightly curved, pectinated claw
at their extremity, and are of a pale, yellowish-brown colour, the extremity of the radial joint
and the whole of the digital joint, except its base, having a dark, reddish-brown tint. This
species varies greatly in the intensity and distribution of its colours, both in the immature and
adult states, and young individuals have the conical protuberance on the upper part of the
abdomen less perfectly developed than old ones; but it may always be readily distinguished
from other British Epeircc by the singularity of its form.

There is much similarity between the sexes of Epeira conica , but the male is the darker
coloured, and its cephalo-thorax is larger in proportion to the size of its abdomen. The
femora of its first and second pairs of legs are of a brownish-black hue, with the exception of
their bases, which have a yellowish-white tint; those of the third and fourth pairs are
brownish-black at their extremity only, the colour of the remaining portion and of all the
coxae being yellowish-wdiite. The palpi are short and of a yellowish-brown hue, with the
exception of the digital joint, which has a very dark-brown tint; the cubital joint has a long
bristle at its extremity, in front, and the radial joint, which is larger than the cubital, has an
obtuse protuberance on its outer side ; the digital joint is of an oblong oval form, tapering to
its extremity, and having an obtuse process at its base, directed outwards; it is convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are very highly
developed, remarkably prominent, complicated in structure, and of a very dark-brown
colour.

Mr. R. H. Meade has met with this remarkable spider in Buckinghamshire, and has
received an adult male from Middlesex, in which county immature individuals of both sexes
have also been obtained. Lister states that he has frequently seen Epeira conica in lofty

304

EPEIRIDiE.

and umbrageous woods in Cambridgeshire and Yorkshire, and that it has the habit of
attaching the dead bodies of the insects which it captures to two radii forming a right line
above and below it when occupying the customary station at the centre of its snare.

EpiiiRA tubulosa. PI. XXVII, fig. 262.

Ep'eira tubulosa , Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., t. ii, p. 86.

_ — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 249.

Singa hamata , Koch, Die Arachn., Band iii, p. 42, tab. 88, figs. 197, 198.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft., p. 6.

—* melanocephala , Koch, Die Arachn., Band iii, p. 44, tab. 88, fig. 199.

Titulus 7, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl. De Aran., p. 40, tab. 1, fig. 7.

Length of the female, jth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, R th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, 1th; length of a leg of the third
pair, rfoths.

The cephalo-thorax is convex, glossy, compressed before, rounded on the sides, and has
an indentation in the medial line ; the falces are conical, vertical, and armed with teeth on
the inner surface; the maxillae are short, powerful, and enlarged and rounded at the extremity;
the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed; and the sternum is heart-shaped, with small
eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts are of a dark-brown colour, the
falces, maxillae, and the extremity of the lip, which are the palest, having a tinge of red. The
four intermediate eyes form a trapezoid whose posterior side is the shortest, and those of each
lateral pair are placed obliquely on a small tubercle, but are not in contact; the anterior eyes
of the trapezoid are the largest of the eight, and are seated on a protuberance. The legs are
robust, provided with hairs and a few spines, and of a yellowish-brown hue, with obscure
annuli of a deeper shade at the joints; each tarsus is terminated by the customaiy number of
claws of the usual structure. The palpi resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is of an
oblong oviform figure, thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, convex above, and projects over the
base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a dark-brown colour, the extremities being
the darkest; a yellowish-white line, intersected at right angles by several yellowish-white
streaks, extends along the middle, and a longitudinal one of the same hue passes above
each side; the sides are of a yellowish-white colour marked with oblique, brown streaks;
and the under part, which has a brownish-black tint, is bounded laterally by a yellowish-
white line.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male, which is the smaller, is somewhat darker
and less distinctly marked than the female. The cubital and radial joints of its palpi are
short; the digital joint is oval, and of a dark-brown hue; it is convex and hairy externally,
concave within, comprising the palpal organs, which are highly developed, complicated in
structure, and of a brown-black colour.

EPEIRA.

365

According to Lister, Epeira tubulosa, which appears to be a very local species, is some¬
times found in great abundance in moist situations. In June the female constructs one or
two lenticular cocoons of white silk, in which she deposits her eggs, of a pale-yellow colour.

An adult female was taken in 1856, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, near Blandford, in
Dorsetshire.

Epeira calva. PL XXVII, fig. 263.

Epeira calva , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol, x, p. 99 ;
and vol. xiv, p. 33.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of an anterior leg, gth; length of a leg of the third
pair, |th.

The four intermediate eyes, which are seated on a black prominence, describe a quadri¬
lateral figure whose anterior side is slightly the shortest, and those of each lateral pair are
placed obliquely on a small, black tubercle and are almost in contact; the posterior eyes of
the quadrilateral figure are the largest, and the anterior ones the smallest of the eight. The
cephalo-thorax is compressed before, rounded on the sides, elevated and convex in the
cephalic region, depressed behind, glossy, and of a very dark-brown colour, with a broad,
yellowish-brown band in the middle, which decreases in breadth to its posterior extremity,
where it has a yellowish-white tint. The falces are powerful, conical, vertical, armed with
teeth on the inner surface, and of a reddish-brown colour, the base being the darkest. The
maxillae are short, straight, and enlarged and rounded at the extremity; the lip is semicir¬
cular, but somewhat pointed. These parts are of a very dark-brown hue, their extremities
being faintly tinged with red. The sternum is heart-shaped, with small prominences on the
sides, opposite to the legs, and its colour is brownish-black. The legs are moderately long,
provided with hairs and a few fine spines, and of a yellowish-brown colour, the femora being
marked with brown, longitudinal streaks; each tarsus is terminated by the customary number
of claws of the usual structure. The palpi are short and of a yellowish-brown hue, the radial
and digital joints being the darkest. The abdomen is oviform, glossy, convex above, and
projects greatly over the base of the cephalo-thorax; the upper part is of a pale, yellowish-
brown colour, and is marked with four minute, brown spots, which form a quadrilateral figure
whose anterior side is the shortest; an irregular, dark-brown line extends from the anterior
extremity, above each side, more than two thirds of its length, and contiguous to the exterior
margin of these lines, which are most conspicuous at their extremities, there is a parallel band
of yellowish-white; the sides are of a dark-brown colour, freckled with paler brown, and the
under part, which has a brownish-black hue, is bounded laterally by a yellowish-white band
extending beyond the spinners; the sexual organs are almost concealed by a scale-like process
situated on each side of them.

An immature female of this interesting Epeira was received in October, 1853, from the

366

EPBlRIDiE.

Rev. Hamlet Clark, who states that it was taken in Leicestershire; in 1858 immature speci¬
mens of both sexes were captured by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge in the New Forest; and in
May, 1860, Mr. Cambridge found both sexes in a state of maturity, at Lyndhurst.

The male is smaller and darker coloured than the female, and the anterior half of the
femora of the first and second pairs of legs has a brownish-black hue, but the design formed
by the distribution of their colours is similar in both sexes. The cubital and radial joints of its
palpi are short, the former, which is the stronger, projecting two long bristles, curved for¬
wards, from its extremity, in front; the digital joint, which is oval, has a glossy process at its
base, curved outwards, and is of a dark-brown hue ; it is convex and hairy externally, concave
within, comprising the palpal organs, which are very highly developed, protuberant, complex
m structure, with two strong, curved processes, between which there is some brownish-yellow
membrane, and a fine, prominent, slightly curved spine near their middle; their colour is
brownish-black, with yellowish-brown intermixed. The convex sides of the digital joints are
directed towards each other.

Epeira Herit. PI. XXVII, fig. 264.

Epeira Herii, Hahn, Die Arachn., Band i, p. 8, tab. 2, fig. 5.

— — Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., t. ii, p. 89.

Singa — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft., p. 6.

Length of the female, 2| lines, Hahn.

I he cephalo-thorax is compressed before, rounded on the sides, glossy and convex, par¬
ticularly in the cephalic region ; the falces are strong, conical, and vertical; the maxillae are
short, straight, and rounded at the extremity; the lip is semicircular, but somewhat pointed
at the apex ; and the legs and palpi are provided with hairs and slender spines. These parts
are of a red-brown colour, the legs, palpi, and falces being much the palest, and the maxillae
and lip the darkest. Ihe sternum is heart-shaped, with small prominences on the sides,
opposite to the legs, and has a brownish-black hue. The eyes are seated on black spots on
the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax; the four intermediate eyes form a square; the two
anterior ones are placed on a tubercle, and the posterior ones are the largest of the eight; the
eyes of each lateral pair are seated on a small tubercle, and are very near to each other, but
not in contact. Ihe abdomen is subcylindrical, glossy, thinly clothed with short hairs,
slightly convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a brownish-
black colour, with a pale-yellow or yellowish-white band in the medial line, and another of the
same hue extending along the upper part of each side; a broad, longitudinal, dark-brown
band, which extends to the spinners, and is bounded on each side by a pale-yellowish line>
occupies the middle of the under part.

lhis spider varies considerably in colour according to age, young individuals being of a
red-brown hue where that of adults is brownish-black; but the design formed by the distri¬
bution of their colours is similar in both sexes.

TETRAGNATHA.

367

In 1858 numerous immature specimens of both sexes were found by the Rev. O. P.
Cambridge at Lyndhurst, in the New Forest.

M. Walckenaer has expressed a suspicion that JEpeira Herii is a variety of JEpbira
tubulosa ., but as the two maintain their specific characteristics both in the immature and adult
states, there can be no doubt that they are distinct.

Genus—' TETRAGNATHA, Latr.

Lyes disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in two transverse rows, the four
intermediate ones forming a trapezoid whose shortest side is before*

Maxilla long, increasing in breadth from the base to the extremity.

Lip short and semicircular.

Legs long and slender; the first pair is the longest, then the second, and the third pair is
the shortest.

TETRAGNATHA EXTENSA. PI. XXVIII, fig. 265.

Tetraynatha extensa, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. ii, p. 203.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 101.

— — Sund., Vet. Acad. Handl., 1832, p. 256.

— — Hahn, Die Arachn., Band ii, p. 43, tab. 56, fig. 129.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 5.

— Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,
p. 249.

— gibba , Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 5. 7

Titulus , 3, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angh, De Aran., p. 30, tab. 1, fig. 3.

Length of the female, §ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ah, breadth, -/Ah;
breadth of the abdomen. Ah; length of an anterior leg, |ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, Ah.

The eyes are seated on black spots; the four intermediate ones form a trapezoid whose
anterior side is the shortest, and the lateral eyes of the four constituting the front row are the
smallest of the eight. The cephalo-thorax is compressed before, truncated in front, rounded
on the sides, slightly convex, glossy, sparingly clothed with short, light-coloured hairs, and
has a large indentation in the medial line; the falces are prominent, very powerful, somewhat
cylindrical, smaller at the base than at the extremity, widely divergent, and armed with a
long, slightly curved fang and two rows of teeth on the inner surface; the maxillae are long,
straight, and increase in breadth from the base to the extremity. These parts are of a pale
yellowish-brown hue, the maxillae being the darkest. The lip is semicircular and prominent

48

368

EPEIRIDiE.

at the apex, which has a reddish-brown tint, the colour of the base being dark-brown. The
sternum is of an oblong heart-shape, with small eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs,
and is of a dark-brown colour, with a pale reddish-brown, longitudinal streak in the middle.
The legs are long, slender, provided with hairs and a few fine, erect spines, and have a pale
yellowish-brown hue; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the two superior ones are
curved and pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its base. The palpi, which are
slender, resemble the legs in colour, and have a curved, pectinated claw at their extremity.
The abdomen is long, somewhat cylindrical, thinly clothed with short, fine hairs, and projects
over the base of the cephalo-thorax; its colours are green, yellowish-green, and black, dis¬
posed in longitudinal bands; extending along the middle of the upper part there is a green
band, which comprises a fine black line that gives off short lateral streaks of the same hue,
the anterior ones crossing it at right angles, and the posterior ones being directed obliquely
backwards, and on each side of the green band there is a broad band of yellowish-green; the
under part has a green hue, with a black band along the middle, on each side of which there
is a narrow band of yellowish-green; the colour of the branchial opercula and spinners is
brown, and a fine brownish line passes from the latter obliquely along each side to the upper
part. This species varies greatly in colour. The cephalo-thorax of the young, when about
half grown, has a blackish band of a triangular form, whose vertex is directed backwards,
extending along the middle; and the lateral margins, with several triangular marks projecting
from them towards the centre, are of the same hue; their legs, also, have black annuli at the
joints, and in other particulars they differ considerably from adults, but their peculiarities of
structure and habit at once serve to distinguish them from every other British spider.

The male is smaller, lighter coloured, and less distinctly marked than the female, but its
legs are longer, an anterior one measuring 1 inch; its falces, which are long and slender, have
a fine, prominent, tooth-like process, inflected at the point, and a short, obtuse one situated
near their extremity, in front, and the penultimate tooth of the upper row on their inner
surface is much larger than the rest. The radial joint of the palpi is longer than the cubital,
and clavate; the digital joint consists of two narrow, membraneous parts, covered with hairs
externally, the shorter of which has a small but bold process on the inner margin, near its
base; with these parts the palpal organs are connected; they are moderately developed,
glossy, subglobose at the base, and terminate in two prominent, curved, black spines en¬
veloped in membrane, and are of a reddish-brown colour.

This is the only species belonging to the genus Tetragnaiha which has been found in
Great Britain and Ireland. It frequents damp localities, constructing among bushes and
plants in the vicinity of brooks, ditches and pools a slight net, having a circular aperture at
the centre. The specific name, extensa , has reference to its habit of extending the first and
second pairs of legs forwards and the posterior pair backwards, in a line with the body.

In June the female attaches to some object near her snare a subglobose cocoon, about
one-fifth of an inch in diameter, composed of fine silk of a loose texture, which is either
whitish with small tufts of a dull-green colour on its exterior surface, or else is of a dull-
green colour with whitish tufts. The eggs deposited in different cocoons vary greatly in
number ; but there are seldom fewer than sixty or more than 214 in a single set; they are
spherical, of a pale yellow colour, and are agglutinated together in a subglobose mass.

369

Tbibe SENOCTJLINA.

Family — D Y SDE RIDdE.

The Dysderidae occur in countries separated by wide intervals of sea, especially in
longitude. Their falces are articulated either on an inclined plane or vertically; two
branchial and two tracheal opercula occupy the usual situations on the inferior surface of the
abdomen, which has three pairs of spinners at its extremity; and the tarsi are terminated
by two claws and a scopula in some species, and in others, destitute of scopulae, by three
claws.

Cells and tubes of silk constructed on the under side of stones, among lichens growing
on trees, and in crevices in rocks and walls, constitute the retreats of the spiders of this
family, which commonly take their prey by surprise.

Genus —DYSDERA, Lcitr.

JEyes closely grouped on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax in the form of a small
oval, open in front.

Maxillae long, straight, and enlarged where the palpi are inserted.

Lip of an elongated oval figure, somewhat hollowed, rounded, or truncated at the
extremity.

Legs moderately long, the anterior or the posterior pair being the longest, and the third
pair the shortest.

370

DYSDERIDiE.

Dysdera erythrina. PI. XXYIII, fig. 266.

Dysdera erythrina , Walek., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. i, p. 261.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 90.

— -—* Hahn, Die Arachn., Band i, p. 7, tab. 1, fig. 3.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 20.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band v, p. 76, tab. 165, fig. 389.

— — Blaclcw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 128.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 250.

Length of the female, &ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, 1th, breadth, ^ths ;
breadth of the abdomen, #hs; length of an anterior leg, #hs; length of a leg of the third
pair, §ths.

The two anterior eyes are the largest of the six. The legs are provided with short hairs,
and have a red hue ; the first pair is the longest, then the fourth, and tne third pair is the
shortest; each tarsus is terminated by two curved, pectinated claws, below which theie is a
scopula. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, and have a small, curved claw at their
extremity. The cephalo-thorax is large, oval, convex, glossy, wdth a narrow indentation in
the medial line ; the falces are powerful, conical, prominent, and densely fringed with hairs
on the inner surface; the maxillae are pointed at the extremity, the inner surface of which is
supplied with long hairs; the apex of the lip is hollowed; and the sternum is oval, thinly
clothed with hairs, and has small eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts
are of a deep-red colour. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, and projects a little over the
base of the cephalo-thorax; it is sparingly clothed with short hairs, and of a yellowish-brown
colour, in some instances tinged with red.

The male is rather smaller than the female, which it resembles in colour. The digital
joint of its palpi is slightly dilated, and the palpal organs, connected with it by a short
pedicle near the middle of the under side, project from it at right angles ; they arc pyriform,
tapering to a fine, elongated, curved point, and are of a red colour.

Specimens of Dysdera erythrina have been taken under stones in the central parts of the
city of Manchester; others have been captured in Cambridge, by Professor Potter and
Mr. Alfred Bishop, and in Oxford by Mr. W. H. Baxter; Mr. F. Walker also has met with
this spider on the south coast near the seashore, and Mr. R. lempleton has recoided two
instances of its occurrence in Ireland.

DYSDERA.

371

Dysdera rubicunda. PI. XXVIII, fig. 267.

Dysdera rubicunda , Koch, Die Araclm., Baud v, p. 79, tab. 165, figs. 390, 391.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 129.

— *—- Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 250.

Length of the male, &ths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, | 0 ths, breadth, £th;
breadth of the abdomen, |th; length of an anterior leg, h

The legs are provided with short hairs, and have a yellowish-red hue; the first pair is
rather the longest, then the second, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is termi¬
nated by two curved, pectinated claws, below which there is a small scopula. The palpi
resemble the legs in colour; the digital joint is slightly dilated, and the palpal organs,
connected with it by a short pedicle near the middle of the under side, project from it almost
at right angles; they arc somewhat pyriform, and terminate in a slightly curved, obtuse
process, having a protuberance on its outer side, and are of a pale-reddish colour. The
cephalo-thorax is oval and moderately convex, with a slight indentation in the medial line ;
the falces are long, prominent, conical, and fringed with hairs on the inner surface ; the
maxillae are greatly enlarged where the palpi are inserted, pointed at the extremity, and
supplied with hairs on the inner surface; the lip is hollowed at the apex, and has a transverse
furrow at its base; and the sternum is oval. These parts are of a dark-red colour. The
two anterior eyes, which are almost contiguous to the frontal margin of the cephalo-thorax,
are the largest of the six. The abdomen is oviform, convex above, and projects a little over
the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is sparingly clothed with short hairs, and has a yellowish-
brown hue.

An adult male of this species was comprised in a collection of British spiders received
from Charles C. Babington, Esq., M.A., in 1840. M. Walckenaer is certainly mistaken in
supposing that Dysdera rubicunda is merely a variety of Dysdera erythrina (‘ Elist. Nat. des
Insect. Apt./ t. ii, p. 444), as well-marked differences in the structure of the palpal organs of
the males prove to demonstration that they are distinct.

Dysdera IIombergii. PI. XXVIII, fig. 208.

Dysdera IIombergii, Wick., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. i, p. 263.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 129.

— — Koch, Die Araclm., Band x, p. 95, tab. 351, figs. 819, 820.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 250.

Latreillii , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. i, p. 190.

•— gracilis, Wider, Museum Senckenb., Band i, p. 200, taf. 14, fig. 1,

— punctata, Koch, Die Araclm., Band v, p. 84, tab. 167, figs. 395, 396.

372

DYSDERID/E.

Length of the female, |fths of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, £th;
breadth of the abdomen, T tth; length of an anterior leg, 1th; length of a leg of the third
pair, gth.

The legs are long, slender, and of a yellowish-brown colour, with broad, dark-brown
annuli; the first pair is rather the longest, then the fourth, and the third pair is much the
shortest; the tarsi are destitute of scopulse, and are terminated by three claws; the two
superior ones are curved and deeply pectinated, and the inferior one, which is minute, is
inflected near its base. The palpi have a small curved claw at their extremity, and are of a
uniform light red-brown hue. The cephalo-thorax is oval, convex, glossy, with a very slight
indentation in the medial line, and is of a brownish-black colour. The falces are strong,
conical, slightly prominent, and armed with a few small teeth on the inner surface ; the
maxillae are long, very convex at the base, enlarged where the palpi are inserted, and
somewhat pointed at the extremity; the lip is truncated at the apex; and the sternum is oval,
with small eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts have a very dark-
brown hue, the falces being the darkest, and the maxillae and lip the palest. The two
anterior eyes are the largest of the six. The abdomen is of an elongated oviform figure,
inclining to cylindrical, and projects very little over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is
thinly clothed with hairs, and the colour of the upper part is dark-brown, or pale-brown
mottled with numerous dark-brown spots; the under part has a yellowish-brown hue, a
narrow brown band extending along the middle; and the colour of the branchial and tracheal
opercula is pale-yellow. Some individuals have the under part of the abdomen tinged with
pink; its extremities in others are of a yellowish-white hue ; and the young in general are
lighter coloured than adults.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the abdomen is slenderer and more nearly cylindrical,
the falces are more prominent, and the maxilkc are rather more pointed at the extremity in
the male than in the female. The cubital joint of the palpi is shorter than the radial, and the
digital joint is small, oval, and protuberant underneath, near its articulation with the radial
joint, from which protuberance the palpal organs project upwards; they are pyriform, glossy,
with two small, curved, black spines near their extremity, which is abruptly contracted, and
are of a yellowish-brown colour.

Distinguished arachnologists have mistaken Dysdera Hombergh , first briefly described by
Scopoli ( c Entomologia Carniolica,’ p. 403, No. 1119), for the young of Dysdera erythrina,
from which it differs in colour and organization. A conviction of its specific distinctness
having been induced by a careful examination of specimens captured in 1832, in the same
year a description of it was given in the ‘ London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine/
under the appellation of Dysdera Latreillii ; but the trivial name, of course, is superseded by
that originally conferred upon it by Scopoli. The tarsi of this species, it will be perceived,
unlike those of its congeners, have three claw T s at their extremity, and are destitute of scopulae.

Crevices in rocks and walls, and the under side of lichens growing on trees, are the favorite
resorts of Dysdera Hombergii, which is plentiful in the wooded districts of Denbighshire, Caer¬
narvonshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire; and in the spring of 1849 an immature female was

SEGESTRIA.

373

received from Mr. J. Hardy, who took it in Berwickshire, and has since found adult specimens
in the same county. The sexes pair in May, and in the succeeding month the female envelopes
herself in an oval ceil of white silk of a slight texture, on whose exterior surface are disposed
minute pebbles, small pieces of indurated soil and other heterogeneous materials; in this cell
she deposits between twenty and thirty spherical eggs of a pale-pink colour, which are not
cemented together.

Mr. R. Templeton remarks that this species is very common at Cranmore, in Ireland.

Genus —SEGESTRIA, Latr.

Eyes disposed on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax ; four placed rather near together
form a transverse row, and behind each lateral eye another is situated.

MaxiUce long, straight, dilated at the base where the palpi are inserted, and rounded at
the extremity on the outer side.

Lip of an oblong quadrilateral figure, slightly hollowed at the extremity.

Leys moderately long and robust; the first pair is the longest, then the second, the third
pair being the shortest in females.

Segestria perfida. PI. XXVIII, fig. 2G9.

Segestria perfida, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. i, p. 267.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 251.

— florentina, Hahn, Die Araclin., Band i, p. 5, tab. 1, fig. 1.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Syst., erstes Heft, p. 20.

— — Koch, Die Arachn., Band v, p. 72, tab. 164, figs. 385, 386.

— cellaria , Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 88.

Length of the female, fths of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, Ird, breadth, T 3 5 ths ;
breadth of the abdomen, 1th; length of an anterior leg, Iths; length of a leg of the third
pair, Iths.

The intermediate eyes of the anterior row are very near together, and those of each
lateral pair are seated on a small tubercle. The cephalo-thorax is large, convex, and marked
with furrows on the sides, converging towards a very slight indentation in the medial line ; it
is of a reddish-brown colour, the region of the eyes and the lateral margins being much the
darkest, and is clothed with hoary hairs. The falces are powerful, conical, prominent, provided
with long hairs in front, armed with teeth on the inner surface, and of a bright, glossy-green
colour. The maxillm are gibbous at the base; the lip is hollowed at the extremity; and the
sternum is of an elongated oval form, with eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs.
These parts have a red-brown hue, the bases of the maxilke and lip being the darkest. The

374

DYSDERIDiE.

] ecrs arc robust, provided with hairs and sessile spines, and are of a very dark reddish-brown
colour, the metatarsi and tarsi being the palest; each tarsus is terminated by three claws; the
two superior ones are curved and deeply pectinated, and the inferior one is inflected near its
base. The palpi are short, and resemble the legs in colour. The abdomen is hairy, somewhat
cylindrical, rather larger at the posterior than at the anterior extremity, and projects a little
over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it has a dark-brown hue, with an obscure, dentated,
blackish band in the medial line of the upper part; the middle of the under part has a
reddish-brown tint, and is bordered laterally by a fine, yellowish-white line ; each of these
lines unites at the spinners with the extremity of a fine line of the same hue extending
obliquely along the side; the colour of the branchial opcrcula is yellow, and that of the
tracheal opercula yellowish-brown.

The sides and under part of the abdomen are lighter coloured, and the blackish,
dentated, longitudinal band occupying the middle of its upper part is more conspicuous in
the male than the female. The relative length of the legs also is different in the sexes, the
male having the third pair longer than the fourth. The radial joint of its palpi is larger than
the cubital; the digital joint is long, slender, and cylindrical, except at the base, where it is
dilated, and from the under side of this enlargement the palpal organs project at right
angles; they are pyriform, tapering to the extremity, which is slightly curved, and are of a
red-brown colour.

The claim of this fine species to a place among our indigenous spiders rests on the
authority of Dr. Leach, who has recorded an instance of its capture at Plymouth, in the Sup¬
plement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’ article
Annulosa.

Segkstria senoculata. PI. XXYIII, fig. 270.

Segestria senoculata, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., tom. i, p. 268.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 89.

— —• Sund., Yet. Acad. Hand!., 1831, p. 145.

— -— Hahn, Die Arachn., Band i, p. 6, tab. 1, fig. 2.

— — Koch, Uebers. des Arachn. Svst., erstes Heft, p. 21.

— —- Koch, Die Arachn., Band v, p. 75, tab. 164, fig. 388.

—■ — Blaekw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 251.

Titulus 24, Lister, Hist. Animal. Angl., De Aran., p. 74, tab. 1, fig. 24.

Length of the female, ?ths of an inch ; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ith; length of an anterior leg, |ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, ^rd.

The disposition of the eyes in this species is precisel} 7 the same as in Segestria perfida.
The cephalo-thorax is long-, somewhat quadrilateral, convex, glossy, sparingly clothed with
hairs, without an indentation in the medial line, and of a dark-brown colour. The falces are

SCH/ENOBATES.

3/o

strong, conical, prominent, glossy, provided with long hairs in front, armed with teeth on the
inner surface, and of a brownish-black hue. The colour of the maxillae and lip is dark-
brown, with the exception of their extremities, which have a red-brown tint. The sternum
is of an elongated oval form, with small eminences on the sides, opposite to the legs, and has
a pale-brown hue. The legs are abundantly provided with hairs, and have sessile spines on
the inferior surface of tibiae and metatarsi; they are of a yellowish-brown colour, with
brownish-black annuli, the tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of the first pair, and the metatarsi and
tarsi of the second pair having a strong tinge of red; each tarsus is terminated by three
claws; the two superior ones are curved and deeply pectinated, and the inferior one is
inflected near its base. The palpi resemble the legs in colour, but are without annuli; the
radial and digital joints have a reddish-brown tint, and the latter has a small, curved claw at
its extremity. The abdomen is nearly cylindrical, thinly clothed with hairs, glossy, and
projects a little over the base of the cephalo-thorax; it is of a dull yellowish-brown colour,
with a series of contiguous, brownish-black, rhomboidal marks, extending along the medial
line of the upper part, and numerous minute spots of the same hue on the sides and under
part; the spinners are situated a little below the posterior extremity of the abdomen, and,
with the branchial and tracheal opercula, have a yellowish-white tint.

The sexes are similar in colour, but the male is the smaller, and its legs differ from those
of the female in their relative length, the third pair being rather longer than the fourth. In
the structure of the palpi and palpal organs it resembles the male of Segestria perfida, and the
colour of the latter is pale red-brown, with a spiral band of a darker hue.

Segestria senoculata is of frequent occurrence in many parts of England, Wales, and Ireland,
and in December, 1848, a young individual was received from Mr. J. Hardy, who captured it
in Berwickshire. It spins a long tube, which serves for a domicile, in the crevices of rocks
and walls, and under lichens growing on trees. Towards the end of May or the beginning of
June the female deposits between eighty and ninety spherical eggs of a yellowish-white colour,
not agglutinated together, in a lenticular cocoon of white silk of a fine but compact texture,
measuring Jth of an inch in diameter, which is inclosed in a silken cell, attached to objects
near her retreat, and covered with particles of earth and the refuse of her prey.

This species, when in captivity, does not complete its several changes of integument and
arrive at maturity in less than two years, and the term of its existence has been ascertained
to extend through a period of four years. Only three spinning tubes are connected with
each intermediate spinner of this spider; they are situated at its extremity and are of large
dimensions.

Gems SCHvENOBATES, Blactcw.

Eyes seated on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax ; four, situated near the frontal
margin, describe a transverse, curved row whose convexity is directed backwards, and behind
each lateral eye another is placed.

49

370

DYSDERIDiE.

Maxilla very powerful, short, broad, gibbous near the base, somewhat enlarged and
rounded at the extremity, and slightly inclined towards the lip.

Lip large, triangular.

Ijcrjs moderately long and robust; the anterior and posterior pairs, which are the longest,
are equal in length, and the third pair is the shortest.

SCIIjENOBATES Walkeri.

Scfuenobales Walkeri , Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. vi,
p. 343; and vol. x, p. 252.

Length of the male, jth of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, T ’ s th, breadth, ;
breadth of the abdomen, <4th; length of an anterior leg,-^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, sth.

The legs are moderately robust, provided with hairs and a few spines, and are of a
yellowish-brown colour, with the exception of the femora of the first and second pairs, which
have a dark-brown hue ; each tarsus is terminated by two small, curved claws. The cephalo-
thorax is oval, convex, of a red-brown colour, the margins being somewhat darker, and has
several rows of white, iridescent, scale-like hairs on the sides, which converge towards an
indentation in the medial line. The falces are subconical and without teeth on the inner
surface ; and the sternum is heart-shaped. These parts, with the maxillae and lip, are of a
red-brown colour. The humeral joint of the palpi has a dark-brown hue, that of the cubital
joint being yellowish-brown, and the radial joint, which projects a small, pointed apophysis
from its extremity, in front, has a reddish-brown tint; the digital joint is oval, convex and
hairy externally, concave within, comprising the palpal organs ; they are highly developed,
prominent, not very complicated in structure, and of a reddish-brown colour. The abdomen
is oviform, convex above, projecting over the base of the cephalo-thorax; its colour is dark-
brown mingled with yellowish-brown ; white, iridescent, scale-like hairs are distributed over
its surface, and a spot composed of dense, white hairs occurs immediately above the spinners.

An adult male of this very interesting spider was captured at Broadstairs, in Kent, in
the month of September, and is in Mr. F. Walker’s cabinet. It is preserved in Canada
balsam, and has suffered from compression, circumstances which render an investigation of
its structure difficult. On a most careful inspection of it under the microscope, only six eyes
could be perceived; but even should it ultimately be found to possess eight of those organs, it
must still, by its other essential characters, constitute a new genus.

OONOPS.

377

Genus OONOPS, Templeton.

Eyes aggregated in pairs on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax; two pairs are placed
laterally, and the third pair is intermediate, the eyes which constitute it being oval and
contiguous; the entire group forms two triangles united by their vertices composed of the
oval-shaped eyes.

Maxillce dilated at the base where the palpi are inserted, slightly so at the extremity, and
inclined towards the lip.

Lip short, triangular.

Leys long and moderately robust; the fourth pair is the longest, then the first, and the
third pair is the shortest.

OONOPS FULCHER. PI. XXIX, fig. 271.

Oonops pulcher, Templeton, Zoological Journal, vol. v, p. 404, pi. 17, fig. 10.

— — Blackw., Linn. Trans., vol. xix, p. 129.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 252.

Deletrix exilis , Blackw., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., third series, vol. x, p. 100.

Dysdera pulchra, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., t. iv, p. 382.

Length of the female, ^th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, ^th, breadth, 3 ' 5 th ;
breadth of the abdomen, ^th; length of a posterior leg, ^th; length of a leg of the
third pair, ^th.

The cephalo-thorax is oval, glossy, very convex, pointed before, and abruptly sloping
behind, with projecting hairs about the region of the eyes ; the falces are slender, conical, and
vertical; the sternum is broad, heart-shaped, convex, with small prominences on the sides,
opposite to the legs, and some hairs sparingly distributed over its surface; the legs are
provided with hairs, and with two longitudinal rows of sessile spines on the inferior surface of
the tibiae and metatarsi, those on the first and second pairs being the most conspicuous; each
tarsus is terminated by two curved, pectinated claws, below which there is a small scopula ;
and the palpi are abundantly supplied with long hairs, particularly at their extremity. These
parts, with the maxillse and lip, have a yellowish-brown tint. The abdomen is oviform, thinly
clothed with hairs, and projects over the base of the cephalo-thorax ; it is of a full, bright,
orange-red colour, which is speedily extracted by spirit of wine; and the branchial opercula
and spinners have a yellowish-'white hue. Young individuals are frequently of a pale-red
colour, and sometimes have an obscure band extending along each side of the medial line, on
the upper part of the abdomen, several irregular, oblique streaks on the sides, and a longi¬
tudinal band occupying the middle of the under part of a dull-brown hue.

378

DYSDERI DM.

The male bears a general resemblance to the female, but the anterior margin of its cephalo-
thorax is more prominent, and its maxillae have an oblique, transverse depression near the
middle. The radial joint of its palpi is rather larger than the cubital; the digital joint is
small, oval, convex and hairy externally, and slightly concave underneath, whence the palpal
organs project at right angles; they are highly developed, somewhat pyriform, greatly dilated
at the base, filiform at the extremity, which is slightly curved, and are of a pale reddish-brown
colour.

In the ‘ London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine/ the genus Deletrix has been
proposed for the reception of this minute spider, which is there described, under the specific
name emits, from immature females whose colours had been injured by captivity. At that
time it was not known that the genus Oonops, founded by Mr. Templeton on the organic
peculiarities of this species, had the claim of priority.

M. Walckenaer does not admit the validity of the well-defined genus Oonops (misprinted
Conops ), but has placed this spider in the genus Dysdera. See the synonyma.

Oonops pulcher occupies interstices in rocks and walls, and among lichens growing on
trees, in Lancashire, Denbighshire, and Caernarvonshire, being abundant in the wooded parts
of the last two counties. By the agency of the small scopula, connected with the extremity
of each tarsus, it is enabled to move with celerity and security on dry objects having polished
perpendicular surfaces. In May the female fabricates near her retreat several contiguous,
subglobose cocoons of white silk of a delicate but compact texture, measuring about ^th of an
inch in diameter, in each of which she usually deposits two spherical, pink eggs, not cemented
together.

Mr. R. Templeton states that this species is extremely common at Cranmore, and by no
means rare in Kent; and Mr. J. Hardy has taken specimens of both sexes in Berwickshire.

Family SCYTODIM).

Among the spiders of this family much difference may be observed in the absolute and
relative length of their legs, which are terminated by two or three tarsal claws. The falces
are articulated either on an inclined plane or vertically, and the abdomen is provided with
three pairs of spinners and two branchial opercula.

The Scytodida inhabit countries having warm and temperate climates, situated in various
parts of the globe. Caves, the inside of buildings, herbage, and the under side of stones
are their customary haunts, and in them they spin a few fine lines connected together without
any apparent regularity.

Genus SCYTODES, lair.

Eyes distributed in pairs on the anterior part of the cephalo-thorax; each lateral pair is
placed obliquely, and the third pair, situated in advance, forms a transverse line in front.

Maxilla slender, pointed, enlarged at the base where the palpi are inserted, and greatly
inclined towards the lip.

Liyj somewhat triangular, having its extremity rounded or truncated.

Leys long and slender; the first pair is the longest and the third pair is the shortest.

380

SCYTODIDiE.

Sci'TODES THORACIC A. PL XXTX, fig. 272.

Scytodes thoracica, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Apt., t. i, p. 270.

— — Latr., Gen. Crust, et Insect., tom. i, p. 99.

— — Blackw., Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., second series, vol. x,

p. 253.

— tigrina, Koch, Die Arachn., Band v, p. 87, tab. 167, fig. 398.

Length of the female, 1th of an inch; length of the cephalo-thorax, gth, breadth, ^th ;
breadth of the abdomen, gth; length of an anterior leg, l^ths; length of a leg of the third
pair, f 0 ths.

The legs are of a brownish-yellow colour, with black annuli ; the first pair is the longest,
then the fourth, and the third pair is the shortest; each tarsus is terminated by a short sup¬
plementary joint, into which two curved, pectinated claws are inserted. The short palpi
resemble the legs in colour, and their digital joint in slender and pointed. The cephalo-thorax
is large, oval, and remarkably convex, particularly in the posterior region, which is without an

indentation in the medial line ; it is of a brownish-yellow colour, having a very irregular black

line, extending from a prominence on each side of the frontal margin to the posterior gibbosity,
irregular black marks on the sides and lateral margins, and a small black spot on which the
anterior pair of eyes is seated. The falces are feeble, conical, prominent, armed with a very
minute fang at the extremity, and of a brownish-yellow hue, with a black spot in front. The
lip is short and rounded at the extremity; and the sternum is oval, with small prominences on
the sides, opposite to the legs. These parts, with the maxillae, have a yellowish tint; several
small black spots occur on the lateral margins and one in the middle of the sternum, and
there is a spot of the same hue on the outside of the enlarged base of the maxillae,
where the palpi are inserted. The abdomen is subglobose, slightly hairy, and of a pale,
dull, yellow hue spotted with black ; on the upper part the larger spots are arranged in
a longitudinal row on each side of the medial line, and those near the anterior extremity are
confluent, forming one or more transverse lines ; the spots on the under part are small and
few in number; the colour of the branchial opercula is yellow, and that of the very minute
sexual organs red-brown.

The male of Scytodes thoracica has not yet been discovered. The female inhabits the
interior of houses, is slow in its movements, and carries its cocoon under the sternum, in which
situation it is retained by the instrumentality of the falces and palpi.

Dr. Leach has stated in the supplement to the 4th, 5th, and 6th editions of the ‘ Encyclo¬
paedia Britannica,' article “ Annulosa,” that two females of this species have been taken near
Dover.

INDEX.

Agelena
brunnea
eelans .
elegans .
gracilipes
Hyndmanii
labyrinthiea
Montana
nava
prompta
Agelenidse
Argyroneta .

aquafcica

Atvpus

Sulzeri .
Cinifio
atrox
ferox
humilis .
mordax .
similis .
Ciniflonidae .
Olubiona

accentuata
amarantha
brevipes
eomta
corticalis
domestica
epimelas
erratica .
formosa .
holosericea
nutrix .
pallens .

PAGE

152

Cselotes

159

saxatilis.

161

Dolomedes .

155

fimbriatus

162

mirabilis

154

ornatus .

152

Drassus

157

ater

158

clavator .

156

cupreus .

152

ferrugineus

136

lapidi colens

137

lucifugus

14

micans .

14

nitens .

139

propinquus

140

pumilus .

142

pusillus .

145

reticulatus

144

sericeus .

141

sylvestris

139

Drassidae

121

Dysdera

131

erythrina

123

Ilombergii

127

rubicunda

128

Dysderidae

126

Epeira

132

acalypha

124

adianta .

135

agalena .

125

albimacula

122

angulata

134

anthracina

130

antriada

PAGE

169

169

37

40

37

104
106
109
114

117
116

105

118

119

120
108
107
112
111
113
104

369

370

371
371
369
323
341
348
334
355
360
357
351

382

INDEX.

Epeira

apoclisa .
bella •
bicornis
calophylla
calva
celata
eeropegia
conica .
cucurbitina
diadem a
fusca
Herii
inclinata
lutea
ornata .
patagiata
quadrata
scalaris .
sericata .
signata .
similis .
solers
tubulosa
umbratiea
Epeiridae
Eresus

cinnabar in us
Ergatis

benigna .
pallens .
latens .
Heeaerge

spinimana

Linyphia

alacris .
albula .
alticeps .
cauta

circumspecta
Claytonise
crypticolens
ericsea .
flavipes .
frenata .
fuliginea
furva
gracilis .
insignia .
longidens
marginata
Meadii .

PAGE

325

Linyphia

minuta .

343

montana

361

nasata .

338

nigella .

365

obscura .

353

pernix .

347

pratensis

362

pulchella

342

pnlla

358

rubea

349

socialis .

366

tenella .

354

tenuis .

345

terricola

346

triangularis

329

vivax

324

Linyphiidge .

331

Lyc-osa

328

agretyca

332

allodroma

337

andrenivora

336

cambrica

364

eampestris

333

exigua .

323

fluviatilis

45

berbigrada

46

latitans .

146

lugubris

146

obscura .

148

picta

149

piratica .

41

piscatoria

41

rapax

210

saccata .

235

Lycosidse

241

Mygalidse

226

Neriene

220

abnormis

246

affinis

233

agrestis .

224

apicata .

237

avida

247

bicolor .

228

bituberculata

216

carinata.

243

cornigera

245

cornuta .

238

dentata .

227

dubia

213

errans .

232

flavipes .

PAGE

218

211

237

240

244

239

215

242

234

217

222

246

230

231
212
221
210

16

17
23
20

32

18
29
31
22

33

27

28

25

34
36
21

26
16
13

248

286

259

276

269

263
250
268
284
273
267
258
288
253

264

INDEX.

383

Neritine
furva
fusca
gibbosa .
graminicola
gracilis .
berbigrada
Hutbwaitii
livida
longipalpis
lugubris
marginata
montana
munda .
nigra
pallidula
parva
pilosa
pulla
pygmsea.
rubella .
rubens .
rubripes
rufipes .
saxatilis.
sulcata .
sylvatica
tibialis .
timida .
trilineata
tuberosa
vagans .
variegata
viaria
vigilax .

Octonoculina

Oonops

pulcber .

Paebygnatha .
Clerckii .
Degeerii
Listen .

Philodromus .
aureolus
cespiticolis
Clarkii .
dispar .
elegans .
mistus .
oblongus
pallidus .
variatus .

PAGE

Pholcus .

. 253

pbalangioides . . . .

. 275

Salticus .

. 278

Blackwallii ....

. 272

7 coronatus ....

. 256

cupreus .....

. 285

distinctus ....

. 260

floricola.....

. - .252

formicarius

. 274

frontalis ....

. 261

gracilis .....

. 249

Jenynsii .

.273

notatus .....

. 265

obscurus .

. 271

promptus ....

. 283

retieulatus ....

. 265

scenicus.....

. 283

sparsus ......

. 256

tardigradus .

. 261

xanthogramma ....

. 281

Salticidse .....

. 270

Scbaenobates.....

. 287

Walkeri.....

. 251

Scyodes .

. 262

tboracica .

. 284

Scytodidae .

. 254

Segestria .....

. 266

perfida .

. 263

senoculata ....

. 279

Senoculina .

. 279

Sparassus .

. 257

smaragdulus .

. 282

Spbasus .

. 255

lineatus .....

. 277

Tegenaria .

. 13

atrica .....

. 377

civilis .....

. 377

domestica .

. 318

silvicola.....

. 318

Tetragnatba .....

.321

extensa .....

. 320

Textrix .....

. 91

lycosina.....

. 99

Tberidion .....

. 95

aibens .....

. 96

angulatum ....

. 91

auratum ....

. 94

Carolinum ....

. 98

denticulatum ....

. 100

filipes .....

. 93

flavo-maculatuin

. 97

fuscum .

PAGE

207

208
47
62
50
57

54

55
64

56

61

58
53

59

60
47
49
63
51
45

375

376

379

380
379
373

373

374
369
101
102

43

43

163

165

166
163
168
367
367

171

172
175
199
202
198
192
185
206
201
197

50

384

INDEX.

PAGE

Theridion

guttatum .... 200

liaematostigma .... 198

inornatum ... 196

lineatum . . .176

nervosum * .183

pallens ..... 194

pictum . . . 184

pulchellum . .191

quadripunctatum 177

riparium .... 182

signatuin .... 205

simile ..... 187

Sisyphum .... 179

stictum ..... 196

tepidariorum .... 180

tinctum ..... 190

varians ..... 188

variegatum .203

versutum 193

Theridiidse . . . 175 I

Thomisus . . .66

abbreviatus . . .90

atomarius . .74

audax . . . . .70

bifaseiatus .79

brevipes. .67

Cambridgii . . .81

cinereus . . .74

citreus . .88

elaveatus . . .87

cristatus . .68

erraticus .71

flori colens . . .76

formosus .75

incertus. .86

luctuosus . . .78

pallidus . .82

sabulosus . . .72

PAGE

Thomisus

trux . . . .84

versutus .83

Thomisidse . . . .66

Yeleda ..... 150
lineata ..... 150

Walekenaera .... 289

acuminata .... 289

aggeris . . . .301

antica ..... 310
atra ..... 300
bicolor ..... 303

bifrons ..... 302

cristata ..... 309

cuspidata .... 290

depressa .... 306

exilis . . 305

fastigata . . .314

flavipes ..... 298

frontata . .317

fuscipes. . 295

Hardii ..... 292

hiemalis..... 302
humilis ..... 307
ludicra ..... 316
monoceros . .291

nemoralis .315

obscura ..... 297

obtusa ..... 294

parallela .... 296

parva ..... 304
pieina 313

pratensis .... 306

pumila ..... 312

punctata .... 295

saxicola ..... 311
turgida ..... 299

unicornis ... 293

vafra . . . .308

PlUKTEn BY J. E. ADI-AIO), BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIII.

FIG.

HI Meridian lineatum. a , ?;&,<?; c and d, ? , varieties ; e, $ , variety ; / $ 5 showing
position when suspended; g , cephalo-thorax and abdomen of ? , in profile ;
^ position of eyes on ceph.; i, maxillae, labium and sternum; k, falces of
<$; l, cocoon in situ on leaf; the two figures without letters are the palpus of
the $, and the falces of the ? .

112. „ q uadripun datum, a, ?;U;c, palpus of $.

113. „ Sisgphum. a, ? ; b, ?, variety; c, variety; d, S', e, cocoons, of the natural

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

size.

tepidariorum. a, ? ; b> S ; c, d, palpus of , in different positions ; e, cocoons
of the natural size.

ripanum. a, ? ; b, $ ; c, palpus of .

nervosum, a, $ ; 6, $ , variety; c, S ■ d, palpus of $\e, cocoon in situ on leaf.

pictum. a, ? ; b, <$ ; c, palpus of <$ ; d, cocoons of the natural size in situ,

denticulcitum. a , ? ; b, <$ > c, ? , variety ; d, <$, variety; e, palpus of d .

THE RIDIQN.' .* PLATE X

Tuffea West,, sc. ad. nat. ^

... ' ■ no • itumJ, 'x,h. 113.T. Suyf>kurrv,9,h,jwv. 114.T.tepuiarwrvu , .

j 1£..T. ripariwmj^t,. 116. T. nervosum/, $,&. . 117. T pictvum/, ?,S. 118:T. dentil faini tv ,?,£.

DESCRIPTION OE PLATE XIV.

PIG.

119. Theridion simile. ? ; b, d ; c and d, palpus of d, in two positions; e, abdomen of ? ,

under side.

120. „ varicins. a, ? ; b, d ; <?, palpus of d; d , cocoons of natural size in situ.

121. „ tinctum. a , ? ; 6, d;c, palpus of d-

122. „ pidchellum. a, ? ; b, d; c, palpus of d •

123. ,, Carolinum. a, ? , with cocoon ; b, ? , and c , ? , varieties ; d, d; e, d, a dark

variety; /, abdomen of $ , in profile; g and It, palpus of d, in different
positions.

124. „ versutum, d ; o, palpus of d.

125. ,, pollens, a , ? ; b, d; c, palpus of d; d, cocoon of natural size in situ; e, cocoon

slightly magnified.

126. ,, stictum, ? .

127. ,, inornatum. a , ? ; b, d ; c, palpus of d; d, cephalo-thorax, in profile.

128. auratum, ? ; a , eyes.

129. ,, licematostigma , ?; a, eyes.

130. ,, albens, ? .

181- „ guttatum. a , ?; b, d; <?, palpus of d; d , cephalo-thorax, from above; e.

sternum.

132. „ flavo-maculatum. a, ? ; b, d; c, palpus of d-

133. „ angulatum. a, ? ; b, $; c, palpus of d.

134. „ variegatum. a , ?; ^ d; c, palpus of d; 4 sternum; e, cocoons of natural

size.

135. „ signatum. a , ?; b, d; <? and palpus of d> in different positions; e,

cephalo-thorax, from above; /, profile of spider, to show spines on legs and
cephalo-thorax; g } abdomen, in profile.

Jilipes. a, $ ; 6, d; c> d } e, palpus of d, in different positions; /, abdomen of
? , in profile.

136.

THE RIDI ON.

PLATE XIV.

R 5npkt0ti&T.'W,W. ’Riffen.West.Bc. W. West, imp.

ll£.Zsimzlei%J>. 120.T. vaaxans^ ?,S. 121. T tinctum/, ?,£. lZ2.l-pulcheU.un >, ?,o. T.QcroUruzm/^,^.
224. T. versutzuru, b. 125.1. paliens, ?,&. 126.1. stictunv'%. 127.-T. uiornoutvu-n,U3>. 128. T. aaaratnml, 9.
129. T. h&mctiostigma,', ?. T. aliens •, ?. 131.1. gultatumJ, 3,b. 132. T. flcuvo-rnaxul/xicimlj ?,£.

133. 1 angulcutunv.Ql. 134. T. rarieg135. T symtfnrn/ J $,t>. 136.1 6Upes,9,h.

. » J. __

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XV.

FIG.

137. Pholcus phalangioides. a , ? , with cocoon ; b, ? ; c, eyes ; <7, palpus of \ f, maxillae

and labium.

138. Linyphia montana. a , ? ; b, <$; c, eyes; d , maxillae and labium; c, falx of ; /, palpus

of c? •

139.

triangularis.

a, $ ; b, £; c, palpus of c? .

140.

marginata. a

, D ^ Cj palpus of (J .

141.

, pratensis. a ,

$ ; c? ; c, palpus of cT .

142.

, fuliginea. a ,

? ; ? , variety ; c, £; d, palpus of

143.

, rubea. a, ?;

3, ; c, palpus of cJ .

144.

, minuta. a, ?

; ; c, palpus of d 1 .

145.

, cauta. a , ? ;

<? ; c, palpus of .

PHOLCUS. LINYPHIA

plate xv.

137. P. plitdangioides. 138.1. rnanbanoJ. 139. L. triangular
141.L.pra£ensis. 14Z.L.fuliain£0143. 'L. nvbew. 144. L.i

DESCRIPTION OP PLATE XVI

FIG.

146. Linyphia vivax. a, b, 3 ; c, palpus of $ .

147.

socialis. a, ?; b y $; c, palpus of 3 •

148.

crypticolens. a, , ? ; b, 3 ; c, palpus of 3 .

149.

alticeps. a , $ ; b, <$; e, palpus of $ ; d y cephalo-thorax, in profile.

150.

lonyidens. a, $ ; b, 3; c y palpus of 3; d , abdomen of ? , in profile.

151.

frenata. a, b, 3 c y palpus of 3 ; d, abdomen of ? , in profile.

152.

tenuis, a, $; b\ 3; c, palpus of $ .

153.

terricola . a, ? ; d; <?, palpus of c? .

154.

Meadii. a, ? ; £, ; e, palpus of 3 .

155.

Claytonia. a, $ ; b, £; c and d, ? , varieties ; <?, palpus of <J .

156. „

mlla. a , ? ; b, 3 ; c, palpus of .

LINYPHIA.

PLATE XVI.

47. I. socialis. 148. L. aypticoL&r,s. 149. L. .-Uticeps. _

151. L. frencdou. 152. L.teraus. 153. L. terriadw. 154L.Meadu
155. L. CLcuytonic8' 156. L puUal

146. L. 'Vhvaoo.
150.1. longid.ens.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVII

FIG.

157.

Lirtyphia alacris.

a * ? ; b, $; c, palpus of ; d, ? , variety.

158.

„ nasata.

? .

159.

„ ericcea.

<? ; c, palpus of $ .

160.

„ insignis.

a > ? > b, $ ; c, palpus of $ \ d, cephalo-thorax and abdomen in profile.

161.

„ albulci.

? .

162.

„ obscura.

a , $ \ b, palpus of $ .

163.

„ gracilis.

a, S ; b, palpus of $ .

164.

,, tenella.

? .

165.

„ circumspecta. a, S ; b, palpus of $ .

166.

„ Jlavipes.

a, ? ; b, S % c, palpus of $ .

167.

Nenene marginata.

a, 7 ; b, ; c, palpus of $ .

168

„ bicolor, a.

, ? ; 3, <?; c, palpus of $ .

PLATE XVII.

LINYPHIA. NERIENE

Tufren Wes del

2.J. Ifl.I.cdbulo .>; ?.

158. L. nascrttv, 9. 159. L. ericcea;, 9. S. 1.60.1. vruigrus,

'63.L.groudUs,l. 164.L. tenellcu $. 165.1.c&cvjmspect.ay, S. 166L.fUw5pes, ?.S.
167. N. yricurq iruxtcu, ?.S. ^<9. J\T bicolor, U.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVIII.

FIG.

169. Neriene livida. a, palpus of S; b, $; c, ?.

170. „ errarts. a t palpus of ■<$; b, S', c, ?.

171. „ viaria. a, palpus of S ; b, S .

172. „ gracilis, a, palpus of $ \ b, ? ; <c, $ .

173. „ vagans. a and b, palpus of S in two positions; c, S', d, ? .

174. T , dentata. a, palpus of S ; b, front view of cephalo-thorax and falces; c , S •

175. „ affinis. a, S ; b, ? ; c, front view of cephalo-thorax and falces ; d, palpus of S •

176- „ Huthioaitii. a , $ ; b, palpus of .

177- „ pygmaa. a, S\b> $$ c, palpus of S-

178. „ flavipes. a, S’, b, $ ; c, palpus of S •

179. „ parva. a, S ; b, palpus of S •

180. „ munda. a, ? ; b, S ; c and d , palpus of S in two positions.

181. „ cornuta. a , S; b, ?; c, side view of cephalo-thorax and falces; d, e, palpus of

c? in two positions.

182. „ bitub erculata. a, $ ; b, ?; c, palpus of S’, d, side view of cephalo-thorax and

falces; e, front view of cephalo-thorax and falces.

183. „ apicata. a, S; b, cephalo-thorax in profile; c, palpus of c? •

184. „ rubens. a, ? ; 5, S ; c, one of first pair of legs of S ; d, e, palpus of S , in two

positions.

185. „ nigra, a , S\ b, $; c, d, palpus of S in two positions; e, cephalo-thorax

in profile.

A. „ marginata. Front view of cephalo-thorax and falces; and falces, maxillae, and

labium.

NE RIE NE

PLATE XVIII'

/ 73ci

M'5ei

rags

/ 82 e

t

y

1897K. KvidcVj ?S. 170.N. emans, U. 171. K viavicu, S. 17Z.K gracilis, U. 173. K -vagarts, %.l 174Kdentnfa,t.
175.Kam.nzsM. m.KKurhwaita, S. 177.Kpygm.raM- 178.Kflavipr.M- 179.Kpavva, L ISO.Kmzj.udaM.
181N.corn.utaM. 182.K bitaberadataM- 133. N. aptcoUa-, h. 134.Krrd.cn.:, U. 185.K nigra,. Vc.

A IT 7 ruxrginaia,. /see. fig. 167, FI.XVII.)

DESCRIPTION OE PLATE XIX.

FIG.

186. Neriene graminicola. a , side view of cephalo-thorax and falces; b, ?; c, 3; d and e,

palpus of 3 in two positions.

187. „ cornigera. a , 3b and c, palpus of 3 in two positions.

188. * „ longipalpis. n> 3 ; b, ?; c, front view of cephalo-thorax and falces; d and e,

palpus of 3 in two positions.

189. * „ fusca. a, 3 i b, ?; c, d and e, palpus of 3 in three positions.

190. * „ agrestis. a , 3; b, ?; c, d and e, palpus of 3 in three positions.

191. „ vigilax. a , 3; b and c, palpus of 3 in two positions.

192. * ,, tuberosa. 3 •

193. ,, trilineata. a, 3 ; b, $; c, palpus of 3 .

194. „ rubella, a , 3 ; b and d, palpus of 3 in two positions ; c, $ .

195. variegata. a, ? ; b, 3; c, palpus of 3 .

196. „ pilosa. ? .

197. „ pallidula. ?.

198. „ carinata. ? .

199. „ herbigrada. a, ?; b, 3; c, palpus of 3 .

200. „ abnormis. a, 3; b, palpus of 3 •

201. „ rubripes. a, ? ; b, 3; c, palpus of 3 ■

202. „ dubia. a, 3 ; b, palpus of 3 .

See also Plate XXII.

NERIENE

PLATE XIX.

-.oIgu, ?S. 187. 17.comigera,, £. 188.22. loru?ipa7pis.$%. 189.27 iiisca.'2.&. l$0.27.ayi‘estis, $.t.
192.27. tub pros cl, 8. 193.12 triZubeatal 2.8. 194.N.nibeUa-,Vt>. 195. 27. varieg ala, $ &

.. . " • iJiobudeo, 9. L98.N.cori'ncUas, 2. 199. 27 herbigradsu, ££. 200. 27. abvorrnis. S.

2 01.27. nib-rip as, £.£. 202.12. rbi.b icu, £.

186.17: prcon in ic
191.22. vicjilacc, $
lQ0.1 T .pi7-osa o 2.

DESCRIPTION OP PLATE XX.

Fro.

203. Walckcn'dera acuminata, a, $; b, ¥; c, front view of cephalo-thorax and falces of S ;

d , side view of cephalo-thorax of $ ; e, side view of cephalo-thorax of
¥ ; /, falces, maxillae, labium, and sternum of ? • g, front view of cephalo-
thorax of ¥ ; h and i, palpus of <$ in two positions.

204. ,, cuspidata. a, ¥ ; b, S ; c, palpus of S ; d, profile of cephalo-thorax

and falx.

205. ,, monoceros. a, $ ; b, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx ; c, palpus of S •

206. Hardii. a , $ ; b, palpus of S’, c, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx.

207. ,, unicornis, a , $ ; b, ¥; c, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx ; d, palpus of S •

208. obtusa. a , S\ b, side view of cephalo-thorax and falces; c and d, palpus of

S in two positions.

209. „ fuscipes. a, $ ; b } side view of cephalo-thorax and falces; c and d, palpus of S

in two positions.

210. * ., punctata, a , ¥ ; b, <$ ; c, profile of cephalo-thorax.

211. „ parallela. a , $ ; b, ¥ ; c, profile of abdomen and cephalo-thorax; d, front

view of cephalo-thorax and falces ; e , palpus of S .

212. obscura. a, S) b and d , palpus of $ in two positions; c, profile of cephalo-

thorax and falx.

213. ,, favipes. a, S; b, ¥ ; c and d, palpus of S in two positions ; e, front view of

cephalo-thorax and falces.

214. „ turgida. a , S ; b, ¥ ; c, side view of cephalo-thorax.

* See also Plate XXII.

PLATE XX.

WALCKENAEHA.

X tct'j % S. 204. W. ciispida
£. 203. W. fhsciiJSS; £'

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI.

FIG.

215.

216.

217.

218.

219.

220 .
221 .

222 .

223.

224.

225.

226.

227.

228.

Walckenaera atra. a, <$ ; b, profile of cephalo-thorax.

„ aggeris. a, <?; b, ? ; c, profile of cephalo-thorax; d ’ front view of cephalo-
thorax and falces; e and/, palpus of in two positions.

” hiemalis. a, $ ; b, ? ; c, side view of cephalo-thorax and falces; d, profile of
cephalo-thorax and falx; e and f, palpus of S in two positions.

»» bifrons. a, S; b , ? ; c, side view of cephalo-thorax and falces; d and e,
palpus of S in two positions.

„ parva. a, b, ? ; c, profile of cephalo-thorax.

„ exilis. $.

’> depressa. a, d ; b, ? ; c, profile of abdomen, cephalo-thorax, falx, and maxilla ;
d and e, palpus of d in two positions.

„ pratensis. a, d; b, ? ; c and d, palpus of d in two positions ; e, side view
of cephalo-thorax, eyes and falces.

„ humilis. a , d; b, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx; (beneath it is a front
view of cephalo-thorax and falces ;) c and d , palpus of d in two positions.

„ cristata. a, d; b, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx • c and d, palpus of d
in two positions.

„ antica. a, d; b, ? ; c and d, palpus of d in two positions; e, profile of

cephalo-thorax and falx; /, enlarged figure of anterior part of cephalo-thorax.
„ saxicola. a, ; b, ? ; c, d, and e , palpus of d in three positions; e y profile
of cephalo-thorax and falx.

„ pumila. a , $; b, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx; c and d, palpus of d in

two positions.

,, picina. a, d ; b } profile of cephalo-thorax and falx; c and d, palpus of d in
two positions.

XXI

215.,W. o.trcv, b. 216. U r agger is, 2b. 217. W hierncdis, 2 b. 218. W. bi/rons, 2 b. £1.9. Wparva^b

± 220. m escilis, 6. 221. W. depress a/, ?b. 222.Wprcutensis,2b. 223. W. h vcn liliSj b. 221. IV. cristaJstj £.

22,5. W. antic cl, 21 . 226. W. sasticolco, 2 b. 227. Wpiimila.. S. 228. W! picrlnas, b .

DESCRIPTION OE PLATE XXII.

FIG.

229. Walckenaera fastigata. a , £ ; b, profile of ceplialo-thorax.

230. „ nemoralis. a , £ ; <5, profile of cephalo-thorax; c and d, palpus of £ in two

positions.

231. „ ludicra. a , ? ; b, £; c and d, palpus of £ in two positions ; e, front view

of cephalo-thorax and falces; f, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx.

232. „ frontata. a , £ ; b, front view of cephalo-thorax and falces; c, profile of

cephalo-thorax; d and e, palpus of 3 in two positions.

233. Pachjgnatka ClercJcii. a, $ \b, $ ; c, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx ; d, falces, maxillae,

labium, and sternum; e, front view of falces and eyes; / and g, palpus of
S in two positions.

234. „ Listen, a , £ \ b, $ ; c, palpus of £ .

235. „ Degeerii. a, £; b, $ ; c, palpus of £ .

A. Wcdchenaera punctata, a , profile of cephalo-thorax and falx; b and c, palpus of £ in two
positions.

B- Neriene tuberosa. a, profile of cephalo-thorax and falx; b and c, palpus of £ in two positions.

C. „ longipalpis. a, palpus of £, upper side; b, palpus of £, under side ; c, palpus of £ ,

outside profile.

D. ,, agrestis. a, palpus of £, under side; b , palpus of £, outside profile; c, palpus of

£, upper side.

E. „ fusca. a , palpus of £, under side; b, palpus of £, upper side; c, palpus of £,

outside profile.

WALCKENAERA. PACEYGNATHA.

PLATE XXII

23. W. fcbstig Guta/; 5 . 230. W. ne,movaJis, £. 231. W. Judinas, ? S. 232. W. froi

233. IP. Clerckit, 2£. 234. P.Z isteri , ?S. *235. P.Deg eerul, £ £.

DESCRIPTION OE PLATE XXIII.

FIG.

236. Epeira quadrata. a, S’, b, ?; c, ?, variety; d, ?, natural size; e, profile of cephalo-

thorax and falx; /, $, natural size; g, termination of tarsus, showing claws and
toothed hairs; h, tarsus, showing hairs, &c.; j, front view of cephalo-thorax and
falces; k and /, palpus of S, in two positions; the figure to the right of l
represents the underside of the falces, maxillse, labium and sternum.

237. „ cijooclisa . a , ? ; b, $, variety; c, ; d, $> variety; e and/, palpus of S in two

positions; g, $ , natural size; h, ? , natural size.

238. „ sericata. a, ? ; b, <$; c, ?, natural size; d, e, and /, palpus of S in three

positions.

PLATE XXIII.

E P E IRA.

, c . ^-'7 TP n-n-rJT-'n 3 ? Z3P F

236. F. qu£Lcb'o.ra , * 6. *«-> • -a. + o. ■

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIV.

FIG.

239. Eprira patagiata. a, $; b, ? ; c, S, variety; d, palpus of $, underside; e, palpus of

d , upper side; /, palpus of , outside profile; g, ? , natural size.

240. „ scalaris. a , d; b, ?; c, palpus of <$, upper side; d, palpus of $, under side;

e, % , natural size.

241. „ umbrcitica. a, ? ; b, ? , natural size; c, <$; d, palpus of $, under side; palpus

of S, upper side.

242. ,, cigalena. a, <$; b, S, natural size; c, ? ; d, ?, natural size; e, palpus of S > upper

side; / (beneath e), palpus of S , under side.

solers. a, $ ; A, b, ? , natural size; B , c, ? , variety, natural size; d, ? ,
variety ; e, <$; /, <$, variety; y, palpus of $, inside profile; h, palpus of S ,
under side.

243.

PLATE XXIV.

A.Hollick, sc. adnafc.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXV.

FIG.

244. Epeira similis. a , ? ; b, S', c and d, palpus of S , in two positions ;<?,?, variety ; ,

showing position when suspended; g, ? , natural size.

245. „ calophylla. a , ? ; b, S ; c, palpus of S ; d, ? , natural size.

246. „ acalypha. a , ? ; b, profile of ? ; c, S ; d, palpus of S ; e, ? , natural size.

247. „ cucurbitina. a, S ; b, ? ; c, ? , natural size; d and e, palpus of S in two posi¬

tions ; / cocoon in situ.

248. „ bella. a, $ ; b, $ ; c, ? , natural size; d, e, and / palpus of S in three

positions.

249. „ lutea. a, ? ; b, S; c, sexual organs of ? , in profile; d, palpus of S .

250. ,, ceropegia. a, S’, b, $ ; c, e, and/, palpus of S in three positions; d, tibia of

second pair of legs of S , showing spines.

adianta. a, ? ; b, S •; c, ? , natural size; d, e, and / palpus of S in three
positions.

251.

EPEI RA.

PLATE XXV.

4 E. similis, ? A. 245. E. ctrtophyUa* 21. 246. E. a.calyjjha,, $ 6 .

5 F b*U& Vi. 249. E.hxteeu^l. 250 .E. ceropegia** l .

DESCRIPTION OP PLATE XXVI.

FIG.

2.),2. Epcira fusca. a, 3; b, ? ; c, ? , natural size ; d, palpus of 3 , under side; e, palpus of
3, outside profile ;f, extremity of process in palpal organ of 3 ; g, cocoon, natural
size.

” untriada. a , ? ; b, 3 ; c, ? , natural size; d, palpus of 3, outside profile; e,

palpus of 3 , inside profile ; /, palpus of 3 , under side.

» celata. 3 and ? , and palpus of 3 drawn in the same positions as those of Ep.
antriada.

” inclinata. a, ? ; b, ?, variety; c, 3; d and e, palpus of 3 in two positions;
/ ? , natural size.

” albimacula. a, $ ; b, 3) c, $ , natural size; d, palpus of 3 , under side; e, palpus
of o , upper side.

:257. „ anthracina. a, 3; b, palpus of 3, under side; c, palpus of 3, outside profile;

d, palpus of 3 , upper side.

~ : > s - m diadema . a , ?; b, 3; c, ?, natural size; d, ?, variety; e, front view of sexual

organs of ? ; /, profile of sexual organs of ? ; g, palpus of 3, under side;
//, palpus of 3 , upper side; j, tibial joint of second pair of legs of 3, showing
spines.

PLATE XXVI

255. E. inelinatasj % 5 .
.E. diaderrtcuSi.

'54. E. ceLatau, 5 £

'•laxtcu.

DESCRIPTION OP PLATE XXVII.

FIG.

259. Epeira angulata. a , $ ; b, ? , side view ; c, sexual organs of ? ; d, £ ; e, ? , natural size.

260. „ bicornis. a, £; b, $ , natural size; c, ? ; d, side view of ? ; e, abdomen of S,

showing exact pattern of markings; /, palpus of £ .

261. „ conica. a, ? ; b, ? , variety; c, ? , natural size; d y S; e, palpus of £ ; /, front

view of falces, cephalo-thorax, and eyes.

262. ,, fubulosa. a , £ ; b, ? ; c, palpus of £ , under side; d, palpus of £ , outside profile;

e, ? , natural size; /, web and cocoon, natural size.

263. ,, calva. a , £ ; b, ? ; c, palpus of £ , outside profile ; d, palpus of £ , under side.

264. ,, Herii. a, £ ; b, ? ; c, ? , natural size.

265. Tetragnatha externa, a , £; b, £, variety; c, ? , in natural position; d, ? ; e and /,

palpus of £ in two positions; g , falces, maxillae, labium, and sternum;
h, side view of falces and eyes of £ .

E PEIRA.

PLATE XXVII.

TE TRA'GNATHA.

260. E. bicomis,%t>. 261. E. ccniccv , 9 S. 262.E. tiwidosou, $S.

/ 2 264. E.Merit, i £. T. ecctenecu', 2 S.

h

Ct/\.

265:

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVIII.

FIG.

266. Dysdera erythrina. a, ?; i, d; c, profile of cephalo-thorax, and falx of d ■ d y falces,
maxillae, labium, and sternum of d ; <?, front view of cephalo-thorax, and falces
of d ; f and g, palpus of d in two positions.

” ruhicunda. a, d; b, d, natural size; c, profile of falx, and part of cephalo-
thorax of d; ^and e, palpus of d in two positions ; /, front view of falces and
cephalo-thorax of d.

26S. „ Homiergii. a, ? ; 0, front view of falces and eyes; c, ?, natural size; d, d,

natural size; e, d;/ and g , palpus of d in two positions.

2(>T Segcstna perfida. a , ? ; 3, falces, maxillae, labium, and sternum ; c, front view of falces and
eyes; profile of cephalo-thorax and falx.

~ ” senoculata. a , $i, <$, natural size; <?, ? ; d and e, palpus of d in two

positions.

PLATE XXVIII.

DYSDERA. SE GE STRIA.

269. S. -perFidayj 2i. 2.70. S. senoculatcu, 2 S.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIX.

FIG.

270. Segestria senoculata. a, ? ; b, ?, natural size; c, profile of cephalo-thorax, and falx;

d, front view of cephalo-thorax, and falces.

271. Oonopsquicker, a, ? ; b, $ \ c, position of eyes on cephalo-thorax; d and e, palpus of J

in two positions; /, maxilhe, labium, and sternum.

272. Scgtodes tkoracica. a, ? ; b, maxillae, labium, and sternum; c, ? , natural size; d, profile of

cephalo-thorax ; e, front view of cephalo-thorax.

PLATE XXIX.

SEGE STRIA. OOROPS. SCYTODES.

270. S.'serwcuZatcL; 2.

271. C. pulche-n , 2 S. 272. ScytocLes thora-cicay } 2 .

W. West. Xita r